Reproduced, with permission, from:
European Science Foundation. 1991. Environment science and society newsletter. No. 1, October. Strasbourg, France: European Science Foundation.
The ESF is an association of 56 member research councils, academies and institutions involved in scientific research in 20 European countries. It brings members together to work on research themes of common interest and enables collective use of expensive and scarce facilities. Research is carried out in the natural sciences, medical and bio-sciences, humanities and the social sciences.
Approximately 11% of the total ESF budget of 50 million French Francs is devoted to environmental research. The following programmes are currently in operation:
Further details on any of the above can be obtained from:
European Science Foundation1 Quai Lezay Marnesia
F-67080, STRASBOURG CEDEX
FRANCE
Telephone: (33) 88 76 71 00
Fax: (33) 88 37 05 32
Environment, Science and Society (ESS) is a major research project funded by the European Science Foundation, involving around 80 recognised social scientists from over a dozen European countries. ESS aims to establish a sound and acceptable analytical framework upon which future environmental decision making can be based.
Environmental "science" policy development is frequently unscientific. Too often environmental decisions are made ad hoc, on the basis of individual or collective value judgments and with insufficient empirical support. ESS aims to provide the framework to widen the basis of environmental decision making at local. national and even international levels well into the future.
ESS fuses thinking on two major research issues, environmental economics and institutional response
Environmental economics
Environmental economics is an established area of scientific enquiry which now has international status. An important feature of the ESS programme is to support the increasing strength of the European components of this science. Research in this area involves assigning economic value to environmental resources and is challenging because it recognises different sorts of value - scientific value, rarity value, bequest and option value in addition to the more conventional economic values. Environmental economics seeks to integrate the relative importance of these different sorts of value in resource allocation and environmental protection. It involves the co-operation of environmental scientists, economists, and natural scientists.
Institutional response
Institutional response in this area is a less widely researched field of enquiry. It is worth pursuing since even the most robust scientific recommendations can founder because institutions (governments, legislators) are not always able to implement them to the fullest extent. Scientific recommendation is frequently prescriptive, without paying attention to what is practical and feasible in real situations. Institutional response is highly interdisciplinary, involving the input of lawyers, political scientists, policy analysts and psychologists.
Concurrent investigation in these two areas ensures that outputs from ESS help to tackle major environmental dilemmas, and will do so in a practical, workable way.
ESS is a unique combination of
A steering committee made up of environmental and political scientists, economists and policy specialists meets regularly to co-ordinate effort and ensure close linkage between the separate parts of the research programme. The European Science Foundation in Strasbourg provides ESS with an administrative centre.
ESS is funded by the European Science Foundation and involves concurrent research on:
The combination of these two methods of enquiry fuses theory with practice in a range of different contexts. The outcome will be scientifically rigorous, workable recommendations aimed at helping to resolve environmental dilemmas facing us now and in the future.
The six theory building Task Forces look at three related themes, each from both an economic and an institutional perspective. This ensures that recommendations are both economically rigorous and institutionally workable. The three related themes are:
Selection of policy instruments relating to choice under scientific uncertainty
This theme is a vital component of the ESS research because of the problems involved in placing monetary or ethical value on environmental resources. It is not always easy to predict future demand for particular resources, or how long they will last. As a result, policy-makers need guidance in the empirical choice of mechanism, rather than having to rely entirely on their own value judgments. The issue, then, is whether various policy "rules" can be developed and evaluated to enable resource allocation decisions to be made both on the grounds of the most appropriate measures, and on the basis of applied research.
Environmental economics
Institutional response
The inclusion of this theme in the ESS research will ensure that in the future such decisions can be made with improved understanding based on actual research findings.
Comparative evaluation of policy instruments
This theme is important because before a policy instrument can be confidently selected. it must be possible to theoretically compare its future economical viability and possible efficacy with various alternatives. This will assist policy makers and economists in making better selections.
Environmental economics
Institutional response
ESS examination of this issue suggests that it may be easier for one policy instrument to be accepted or rejected in favour of another in a scientific and more politically transparent manner.
International dimensions
It is becoming increasingly important that policy makers conceptualise the real value of international transfer of products, technology or pollution across international boundaries so as to establish co-ordinated cross-border approaches to environmental decision making.
Environmental economics
Institutional response
The Task Forces are chaired by the following individuals, and arranged as below:
Members of each Task Force include economists, environmental scientists, policy analysts, political scientists and lawyers. Each Task Force plans to produce a book summarising its findings. These volumes will be part of an ESS publication series, and should appear in 1992/1993.
Task Force 1
Task Force 1 deals with the economic aspects of the selection of policy instruments relating to choice under scientific uncertainty.
AIMS AND OBJECTIVES
Members of Task Force 1 are concerned with the difficulties of using conventional market economics in the field of environment policy making. The environment does not readily fit into conventional market theory because much of environmental science is uncertain. Task Force 1 aims to establish the key challenges facing economists and to carry out research to resolve that uncertainty.
Environmental resources tend to be treated as being "free" and therefore outside the realms of conventional economics. It has therefore been difficult to place value on environmental goods and their deterioration. Environmental economics seeks to establish a framework within which such valuations can be made. Assessment of the viability of the different valuation methods available will provide environmental economists and policy makers with a framework within which environmental goods can be valued and thus incorporated into conventional market economics.
A great deal about environmental degradation and its associated effects is uncertain. It is impossible to know when an incident of environmental deterioration started. and when it will finish. Once the degradation has been valued and its future benefits and losses computed economists need to know how to spread those benefits and costs among future generations.
"Expected Utility Theory" (how individuals judge the likely advantages and disadvantages arising from a proposed measure) can usually be used to explain behaviour towards certain events. Recent research indicates that behaviour towards environmental risk does not follow the expected pattern, perhaps because individuals have little experience of how they might react in a disastrous environmental event. Research carried out by Task Force 1 is expanding current economic theory to make it more capable of encompassing uncertainty.
The costs of emission control must be calculated if they are eventually to be borne by national or international governments. In order to build the cost of emission control into macroeconomics, an adequate micro view must first be established.
RESEARCH PROGRAMME
1. Valuation techniques
3 sorts of valuation techniques will be considered
a) The use of conventional markets entails valuing environmental degradation as the loss of economic production that the degradation has precipitated.
b) The use of implicit markets relies on the interdependencies between the demand for different goods and services as a means with which to value the use of environmental resources.
a) Intertemporal distributional issues of valuation
Contact: Professor Rudiger Pethig (Germany)fax - (49) 271 740 23 10
Task Force 2
Task Force 2 deals with the economic aspects of evaluating different policy instruments
AIMS AND OBJECTIVES
Once the decision to promote environmental protection has been made, policy makers look for environmental policy instruments with which to affect that policy. The use of economic instruments is potentially an efficient way of encouraging environmental protection. Regulations (eg. laws and standards) and "persuasion" techniques (eg. education) have typically been used so far. Task Force 2 is concentrating on the scientific and methodological aspects of the economic evaluation of environment policy instruments.
The major types of economic instrument are:
RESEARCH PROGRAMME
1. Theoretical and analytical work on the economics of policy instrument choice
a) effectiveness and efficiency
b) choice of instruments in relation to administrative, environmental and economic contexts
2. Empirical work on the use of incentives, and the failure of policies and markets in practice. The focus will be on:
a) descriptive aspects
i) the study of existing incentives currently built into resource prices as a result of existing energy and agricultural policies
b) evaluative aspects
i) examination of the performance of different policy mixes in different environmental, economic and political contexts
a) improving existing instruments in established fields of environment policy
Contact: Professor Hans Opschoor (the Netherlands)fax - (31) 70 398 58 37
Task Force 3
Task Force 3 deals with the economic aspects of international environmental problem solving
AIMS AND OBJECTIVES
Environmental problems are rarely nation-specific. Efforts to curb major threats like global warming and acid rain necessitate international co-operation. Collective action of this sort occurs in numerous policy fields and models for its operation have been established. However co-operative international environmental problem solving introduces intriguing questions of scientific uncertainty and precaution, and necessitates the revision of these existing models.
The "game theory" approach to co-operative problem solving involves the examination and balancing of the costs and benefits to be incurred by each of the "players" in the "game". Where the costs and benefits likely to be incurred are well documented the game theory approach can produce practical, equitable results. However, the costs and benefits involved in the solving of major international environmental dilemmas are not well documented. There are few appropriate reference models because the relative recency of environmental concern means that experience has not yet been able to yield good data on international negotiation strategies. In some cases the costs likely to be incurred by each player are known, but in nearly all cases the benefits are difficult to measure. Until it is possible to place credible values on environmental degradation it will be impossible to share out the benefits that international co-operation to reduce that degradation might yield.
Task Force 3 is examining the management of internationally shared resources, and seeks to recommend models of co-operative environmental problem-solving
RESEARCH PROGRAMME
1. Analysis of existing schemes of international co-operation to curb environmental degradation, focusing especially on motivation to co-operate, monitoring and enforcing incentives and bargaining procedures
a) the Geneva Convention
a) a survey of non co-operative and co-operative games with public goods
a) trade theory and environmental resources
Contact: Professor Karl-Goran Maler (Sweden)fax - (46) 8 31 81 86
Task Force 4
Task Force 4 deals with the institutional aspects of the selection of policy instruments relating to choice under scientific uncertainty
AIMS AND OBJECTIVES
Does establishing facts yield a sounder and more persuasive case for institutional response? Contemporary policy makers insist that scientific knowledge must underlie any successful attempt to ensure effective institutional response to environmental problems. But is this demand justified?
Task Force 4 is studying the ways in which scientific findings are integrated into environmental policy making by politicians, businesspeople, lawyers and civil servants. Members of the Task Force are considering why some efforts at institutionalising environmental change are successful and others are not. They are exploring the ways in which empirical research on environmental change is utilised by policy makers in the context of power relationships, and social and political values.
Members of Task Force 4 are also considering ways in which science can maintain its essentially social and cultural basis whilst upholding credibility.
RESEARCH INTERESTS
1. Use of science by institutions
a) utilisation of research
a) social processes
Contact: Mr. Robin Grove-White (UK)fax - (44) 524 84 63 39
Task Force 5
Task Force 5 deals with the institutional aspects of the evaluation of policy instruments
AIMS AND OBJECTIVES
Environmental policy instruments are means through which specific action is implemented. In order to be effective, they must be highly specialised to the situation in which they are being employed. But the more specialised they are, the less integrated they can be with other regulatory, legal and economic mechanisms. Thus conceptual co-ordination is lost. An instrument which is effective in combating a specific occurance in the short term may become ineffective in the long term as the occurrence it was designed to counterbalance evolves.
This dilemma is the concern of Task Force 5. The research is addressing the need for policy instruments which are effective and workable in the short, medium and long term. Task Force 5 is breaking away from the esoteric contrasting of different sorts of policy instrument and concentrating on the advantages and disadvantages of the individual instruments themselves.
RESEARCH PROGRAMME
1. Drawing up a workable classification of the different regulatory, economic and persuasion policy instruments
2. The potential of different policy instruments for
a) policy integration
Contact: Professor Bruno Dente (Italy)fax - (39) 2 480 084 95
Task Force 6
Task Force 6 deals with the institutional aspects of international environmental problem solving
AIMS AND OBJECTIVES
International co-operation is essential in tackling the major environmental problems faced today. Effective joint solutions are, however, not easy to establish. Some efforts at international co-operation fail while others succeed, and members of Task Force 6 hope to establish why this is the case.
Failure to achieve productive consensus is due to two elements:
Some organisational structures have a greater problem solving capacity than others, and successful co-operation can be jeopardised by insufficient understanding of the different institutional structures represented in the cross-national panel. Representatives on such panels must recognise that members of a joint problem solving exercise enter into it with differing hopes, interests and preferences. These must be integrated into the discussion to ensure a successful outcome.
Issues such as these can effect either the ability of a group to agree on a possible solution to the environmental problem or the success of that solution once implemented. Task Force 6 seeks to discover which institutions and procedures provide the most productive setting for developing, adopting and implementing joint solutions to problems of international environmental management.
RESEARCH PROGRAMME
1. Designing politically feasible solutions
a) efficiency, fairness and feasibility
a) enhancing the prospects for success
Contact: Professor Arild Underdal (Norway)fax - (47) 2 85 44 11
Pilot Projects
The pilot projects have been designed as an integral part of the ESS programme. They are putting the theoretical perspectives established by the Task Forces to the test. The studies will try to ensure that rigorous scientific research is fully applicable to the reality of environmental decision making.
Two sea basins suffering from deterioration of differing degrees have been selected for study. They are the North Sea and the Mediterranean. Both are the subject of intense scientific investigation of environmental change and political oversight through ministerial conferences.
Two North Sea studies have been undertaken. They focus on
The concurrent examination of these two geographical areas will yield interesting similarities and differences in the selection and evaluation of policy instruments, and the degree to which international co-operation is essential in preventing their further deterioration.
The pilot project programme is summarised below:
Pilot Project 1
AIMS AND OBJECTIVES OF THE NORTH SEA PILOT PROJECT
The North Sea Pilot Project concentrates on two issues: waste management (three research teams operating in the UK, Germany and the Netherlands) and nutrient reduction options (two teams, operating in the Netherlands, and in Norway and Sweden).
A. NUTRIENT REDUCTION OPTIONS IN THE NORTH SEA
The North Sea is increasingly over-burdened with pollutants. Excessive discharge of nitrogenous compounds poses a severe pollution threat to the basin, and results in eutrophication, or over-fertilisation, of the Sea. Two-thirds of the damage is believed to occur as a result of mainland activity (especially agriculture and sewage treatment processes) while the remaining third results from aquaculture.
An ideal scenario is one in which the costs of pollution are equal to the benefits incurred. The most frequent course of action, however, is one in which an acceptable level of pollution is imposed at minimal cost.
RESEARCH PROJECT ON THE MANAGEMENT OF NORTH SEA EUTROPHICATION
1. Prevention of North Sea eutrophication
a) agriculture
3. Belgium
a) agriculture & waste water control
Contact: Professor Ina Hommes (the Netherlands)fax - (31) 10 408 24 07
RESEARCH PROJECT ON THE ANALYSIS OF THE CONSEQUENCES OF NITROGEN DISCHARGE FROM THE SCANDINAVIAN COUNTRIES
1. Three research projects will be undertaken:
a) eutrophication of the North Sea and Norwegian/Danish fisheries
b) eutrophication of the North Sea and Norwegian agricultural policy
c) eutrophication of the North Sea and Danish agricultural policy
2. Overview of existing eutrophication in the North Sea
Contact: Professor Einar Hope (Norway)fax - (47) 5 95 95 00
B. INDUSTRIAL WASTE MANAGEMENT IN THE NORTH SEA
The North Sea is surrounded by industrial economies and societies of varying population density. The Sea is treated as an international resource commodity, and it has increasingly been used as a waste sink.
Disposal of waste by dumping into the sea is substantially cheaper than alternatives on land, especially in highly populated countries. Recycling of sulphuric acid to produce a component involved in the manufacture of titanium is twice as expensive as dumping. Additionally, alternative waste disposal strategies affect whole economies. Both partial and general equilibrium models of manufacturing and waste disposal "economies" need to be considered, and non-monetary factors fully understood.
Members of the North Sea community have committed themselves to foreclosure of all waste disposal options in the North Sea by 1998 at the latest. A number of dumping and incineration practices (such as the discharge of sewage sludge and the marine incineration of hazardous chemical wastes) must therefore be halted and alternatives found. The environmental and economic impacts of these new discharge and production techniques are not yet known. It is not even clear just what are the advantages of these new regulations in terms of purely scientific criteria. Present knowledge of North Sea management options, their environmental and economic effects, and international distribution of economic effects is small. Better understanding of them would enable more effective international co-ordination of North Sea waste management. It is recognised that the precautionary principle does hold, and that the North Sea is an important test case for its application.
The foreclosure of waste disposal options in the North Sea has important implications:
RESEARCH PROJECT ON THE REDUCTION OF TOXIC AND NOXIOUS WASTES - the German and Dutch studies
1. Creation of an inventory of present pollution and the economic activities which cause the pollution
Contacts: Professor Ernst Mohr (Germany)fax - (49) 431 858 53
Dr Harmen Verbruggen (the Netherlands)
fax-(31) 20 644 50 56
RESEARCH PROJECT ON THE IMPLICATIONS FOR THE UK OF THE FORECLOSURE OF WASTE DISPOSAL OPTIONS IN THE NORTH SEA
1. establishment of environmental impacts already attributable to waste disposal in the North Sea
2. examination of environmental benefits (if any) to the North Sea resulting from cessation of the sea disposal of specific wastes as a consequence of legislative change
3. investigation of alternative waste disposal routes that might be used
Contact: Mr Kerry Turner (UK)fax - (44) 603 507 719
Pilot Project 2
AIMS AND OBJECTIVES OF THE MEDITERRANEAN PILOT PROJECT
Environmental degradation in the Mediterranean results from a number of developments evident in differing Mediterranean countries:
In most Mediterranean countries environmental management is not well developed in policy terms, economic activity or academia. Regulatory and policy-integrating bodies are generally embryonic or non-existent. It is feared that environmental degradation could both jeopardise economic growth in the area and (in the case of transboundary water disputes) promote possible military conflict.
A. WATER MANAGEMENT IN THE MEDITERRANEAN
One project will study the possibilities for efficient sharing of scarce water resources between the countries and regions of the eastern Mediterranean basin. Such sharing could, if properly allocated according to the principles of environmental economics. increase the overall economic wealth of the community as a whole. Special focus will be made on the potential for market mechanisms in redefining the allocation of water.
RESEARCH PROGRAMME ON WATER MANAGEMENT IN THE MEDITERRANEAN
1. Examination of potential water sharing opportunities
Contact: Professor Mordechal Shechter (Isreal)fax - (972) 4 34 21 01
B. ENVIRONMENTAL MANAGEMENT IN THE MEDITERRANEAN
The second part of the Mediterranean research involves the examination of how environmental problems in the area can be interconnected with economic change and institutional redesign. This will take the form of a series of essays by Mediterranean - based scholars in particular environmental protection and resource allocation issues in the region. The essays will examine the state of science, the work of the Mediterranean Action Plan and the Blue Plan, and the design of imaginative approaches to problem identification and problem solving in the context of the Mediterranean Basin.
RESEARCH PROGRAMME ON ENVIRONMENTAL MANAGEMENT IN THE MEDITERRANEAN
1. General themes
a) the nature and structure of environmental problems in the Mediterranean region
b) international negotiation and co-operation: the actors the agreements, the international initiatives
c) achievements to date decisions, actions and results
d) environment, development and aid the North Sea dimension in the Mediterranean region
e) the future of the Mediterranean: accumulating pollution loads, the risks of global warming
f) oil pollution: the problem and the policies
g) demography and tourism
h) energy developments
i) transport of pollutants in the Mediterranean
j) environmental co-operation in the Adriatic region
Contact: Mr Diego Piacentino (Italy)fax-(39)6 494 16 21
STEERING COMMITTEE
Environment, Science and Society
Sterring Committee
Professor Timothy O'Riordan (Chairman)
University of East Anglia
School of Environmental Sciences
Norwich NR4 7TJ
UK
Tel (44) 603 59 28 40
Fax (44) 603 50 77 19
Home (44) 603 81 05 34
Professor Bruno Dente
Istituto per la Ricerca Sociale
Via XX Settembre 24
20123 Milano
Italy
Tel (39) 2 481 56 53
Fax (39) 2 480 084 95
Dr Angela Fraschini
Universita degli Studi-Pavia
Dipartimento di Economia
Pubblica e Territoriale
Strada Nuova 65
27100 Pavia
Italy
Tel (39) 382 387 407
Fzx (39) 382 387 402
Mr Robin Grove-White
Centre for Science Studies and Science Policy
University of Lancaster
Lancaster LA1 4YN
UK
Tel. (44) 524 652 01
Fax (44) 524 638 06
Professor Kari-Goran Maier
Stockholm School of Economics
Box 6501
113 83 Stockholm
Sweden
Tel. (46) 8 736 92 12/92 00
Fax. (46) 8 31 81 86
Home (46) 8 742 11 29
or
Royla Swedish Academy of Sciences
Beijer Institute for Ecological Economics
Box 50005
104 05 Stockholm
Sweden
Tel. (46) 8 166 094
Fax (46) 8 155 670
Professor Helga Nowotny
Institut fur Wissenschaftstheorie
und Wissenschaftsforschung
Universitat Wien
Sensengasse 8
1090 Wien
Austria
Tel. (43) 1 402 76 01/02
Fax (43) 1 408 88 38
Home (43) 1 408 46 86
Professor Hans Opschoor
RMNO
Huis te Landelaan 492 (7th Floor)
Postbus 5306
2280 HH Rijswijk
Neatherlands
Tel. (31) 70 398 58 80
Fax (31) 70 398 58 37
Home (31) 1731 121 58
Professor Rudiger Pethig
Wirtschaftswissenschaften
Universitat Gesamthochschule, Seigen
Postfach 10 12 40
Fachbereich 5, Holderlinstrasse 3
5900 Siegen
Germany
Tel. (49) 271 740 31 43/4
Fax (49) 271 740 23 10
European Science Foundation
1, quai Lezay-Marnesia
67080 Strasboury Cedex
France
Tel. (33) 88 76 71 31
Fax (33) 88 37 05 32
Home (33) 88 31 16 69
Professor Arild Underdal
Institute of Political Sciences
University of Oslo
PO Box 1097 - Blindern
N-0317 Oslo 3
Norway
Tel. (47) 2 45 51 72 or 80
Fax (47) 2 45 44 11
TASK FORCE 1
Environmental Economics
Evaluation, Risk and Uncertainty
List of Participants
Professor Rudiger Pethig (Chair)
Wirtschaftswissenschaften
Universitt Gesamthochschule, Seigen
Postfach 10 12 40
Fachbereich 5, Holderlinstrasse 3
5900 Siegen
Germany
Tel. (49) 271 740 31 43/4
Fax (49) 271 740 23 10
Dr. Sylvie Faucheux
Universitie de Paris 1
Pantheon-Sorbonne
Centre Economie, Espace Environement
90, rue de Tolbiac
75013 Paris
France
Tel. (33) 1 40 77 19 25
FAx (33) 1 45 84 78 89
Home (33) 1 48 70 83 78
Mr. Ruud Hoevenagel
Vrije Universiteit
Institute for Environmental Studies
POB 7161
1007 MC Amsterdam
Netherlands
Tel. (31) 20 548 38 57
Fax (31) 20 644 50 56
Professor Per-Olov Johansson
Stockholm School of Economics
Box 6501
113 83 Stockholm
Sweden
Tel. (46) 8 736 92 20/90 00
Fax (46) 8 31 81 86/31 23 27
Dr. Alan Pearman
The University of Leeds
School of Business and Economic Studies
ESS Building
Leeds LS2 9JT
UK
Tel (44) 532 33 44 89
Fax (44) 532 33 44 65
Dr. Gonzague Pillet
Paul Scherrer Institute
Wurenlingen und Villgen
5332 Villgen PSI
Switzerland
Tel. (41) 56 99 26 73/99 21 11
Fax (41) 56 98 23 27
Dipl. Ing. Immo Querner
Technische Universitat Berlin
FachgebietVolkswirtschaftslehre
Uhlandstrasse 4-5
1000 Berlin
Germany
Tel. (49) 30 314 267 12
Fax (49) 30 314 211 09
Dr. Rauli Svento
University of Oulu
Department of Economics
Box 191
90101 Oulu
Finland
Tel. (358) 81 35 35 94
TASK FORCE 2
Environmental Economics
Management Tools and Policy Instruments
List of Participants
Professor Hans Opschoor (Chair)
RMNO
Huis te Landelaan 492 (7th floor)
Postbus 5306
2280 HH Rijswijk
Netherlands
Te. (31) 70398 58 80
Fax (31) 70 398 58 37
Home (31) 1713 121 58
Dr. Ing Marie Andresson-Gren
The Swedish University of Agricultural Sciences
Department of Economics
Box 7013
750 07 Uppsaia
Sweden
Tel. (46) 18 67 17 35
Fax (46) 18 30 99 64
Home (46) 760 20323
Dr. Gerard E. Bertolini
Centre National de la Recherche Scientifque
Economie et Economietrie de l'Environment
Universite de Lyon 1, Batiment 101
43, boulevard du 11 novembre 1918
69622 Villeurbanne Cedex
France
Tel. 72 44 80 00 poste 3638
Fax 72 44 05 73
Home 74 01 73 84
Professor Klaus Conrad
Universitat Mannheim
Lehstuhl fur Volkswirtschaftslehre
Micro-economie
Seminargebaude A5
6800 Mannheim 1
Germany
Tel. (49) 621 292 51 21
Fax (49) 621 292 50 07
Home (49) 6353 31 71
Dr. Lex de Savornin Lohman
Insittute for Environmental Studies
Free University
P.O. Box 7161
1007 MC Amsterdam
Netherlands
Tel. (31) 20 548 38 27
Fax (31) 20 644 50 56
Dr. Angela Fraschini
Universita degli Studi - Pavia
Dipartimento di Economia Pubbica
e Territoriale
Strada Nuova 65
27100 Pavia
Itally
Tel. (39) 382 387 407
Fax (39) 382 387 402
Professor Kare P. Hagen
Norges Handelshoyskle
Norwegian School of Economics and Business Administration
Institute of Economics
Helleveien 30
5035 Bergen-Sandviken
Norway
Tel. (47) 5 95 92 70 or 25 65 00
Fax (47) 5 95 95 43 or 25 83 83
Professor Jorgen Birk Mortensen
Insittute of Economics
University of Copenhagen
Studiestrade 6
1455 Copenhage K
Denmark
Tel. (45) 33 91 21 66 ext. 488
Fax (45) 33 12 00 01
Home (45) 42 64 42 86
Prof. Dr. Hans G.Nutzinger
Gesamthochschule - Universitat
Kassel
Fachbereich 7: Wirtschaftswissenschaften
Nora-Platiel-Str. 4
Postfach 101380
3500 Kassel
Germany
Tel. (49) 561 804 30 64
Fax (49) 561 804 23 30
Dr. Diego Piacentino
Universitia degli Studi di Roma
Facoita di Economia e Commercio Istituto di Scienza delle Finanze
Via del Castro Laurenziano. 9
00161 Roma
Italy
Tel. (39) 6 446 19 64
Fax (39) 6 494 16 21
Home (39) 6 841 52 38
Mr. R. Kerry Turner
Schol of Environmental Science
University of EAst Anglia
Norwich, Norfolk NR4 7TJ
UK
Tel (44) 603 561 61 ext. 2551
Fax (44) 603 50 77 19
Dr. Harmen Verbruggen
Deputy Director
Institute for Environmental Studies
Vrije Universteit
De Boelelaan 115 Provisorium 1
1081 HV Amsterdam
Netherlands
Tel. (31) 20 548 38 27
Fax (31) 20 644 50 56
TASK FORCE 3
Environmental Economics
International Issues
List of Participants
Professor Karl-Goran Maier (Chair)
Stockholm School of Economics
Box 6501
113 83 Stockholm
Sweden
Tel. (46) 8 736 92 12/92 00
Fax (46 8 31 81 86
Home (46) 8 742 11 29
Dr. Kari Alho
Assistant Director
ETLA
Research Institute of the Finnish Economy
Lonnrotinkatu 4B
00120 Helsinki
Finland
Tel. (358) 0 60 13 22
Fax (358) 0 60 17 53
Dr. Scott BArrett
London Business School
Sussex Place
Regent's Park
London NW1 45A
UK
Tel. (44) 71 262 50 50
Fax (44) 71 724 78 75
Professor Henk Folmer
Wageningen Agricultural University
Dept. of General Economics
POB 8130
6700 EW Wageningen
Netherlands
Tel. (31) 83 708 42 55/708 42 65
Professor Carmen Gallastegui
Departamento de Teoria Economica
Universidad del Pais Vasco
83 Avenida del Ejercito
48015 Bibao
Spain
Tel (34) 464 77 00/88 00/98 00
Fax (34) 464 83 11
Professor Michael Hoel
Department of Economics
University of Oslo
P.O. Box 1095 Blindern
0317 Oslo 3
Norway
Tel. (47) 2 45 50 50
Fax (47) 2 45 43 74
Dr. Anil Markandya
Department of Economics
Univeristy College London
Gower Street London WC1E 6BT
UK
Tel (44) 71 387 70 50
Fax (44) 71 383 71 27
Profesor Ernst Mohr
Institut fur Weitwirschaft
P.O. box 4309 Kiel 1
Germany
Tel. (49) 431 88 41
Fax (49) 431 858 53
Professor Ignazio Musu
Dipartimento di Scienze Economiche
Universita degli Studi de Venezia
Ca Foscari, Dorsoduro 3246
30123 Venezia
Italy
Tel. (39) 41 52 98 364
Fax (39) 41 52 98 365
Professor A. Nentjes
Fac. Der Rechtsgeleerdheid
Rijksuniversiteit Groningen
Oude Kijk in t Jatstraat 26
9700 AS Groningen
Netherlands
Tel. (31) 50 63 57 00
Fax (31) 50 63 56 03
Professor Alfonso Pajuelo Gallego
Director General de Planification
C/Republica Argentina, 22bis. 4A
41011 Sevilla
Spain
Fax 34 54 28 16 31
Dr. Michael Rauscher
Institut fur Weitwirtschaft
Dusternbrooker Weg 120
Postfach 4309
2300 Kiel 1
Germany
Tel (49) 431 88 41
Fax (49) 431 858 53
Professor Henry Tulkens
Center for Operations REsearch & Econometrics
Universite Catholique de Louvain
34 Vole du Roman Pays
1348 Louvain-La-Neuve
Belgium
Tel (32) 10 47 43 32
Fax (32) 10 47 29 99
TASK FORCE 4
Institutional Response
Evaluation, Uncertainty and Risk
List of Participants
Mr. Robin Grove-White (Chair)
Centre for Science Studies and Science Policy
University of Lancaster
Lancaster LA1 4NY
UK
Tel. (44) 524 652 01
Fax (44) 524 84 63 39
Dr. Sonja Boehmer-Christiansen
Science Policy Research Unit
University of Sussex, Mantell Building
Falmer, Brighton
East Sussex BN1 9RF
UK
Tel (44) 273 68 67 58
Professor J. Richard Eiser
University of Exeter
Department of Psychology
Washington Singer Laboratories
Exeter EX4 4QG
UK
Tel. (44) 392 26 32 63
Mrs. Jane Hunt
Lancaster University
School of Independent Studies
Lancaster LA1 4YN
UK
Tel (44) 524 652 01
Fax (44) 524 84 63 39
Wolfgang Krohn
Universitat Bielfeld
Centre for Science Studies
Postfach 8640
4800 Bielefield 1 Germany
Tel. (49) 521 10 60
Fax (49) 521 106 58 44
Professor J.M. Maguire
Department of Sociology
University College Cork
Cork
Ireland
Tel. (353) 21 27 68 71
exts. 2318/2228
Dr. Steve Reicher
University of Exeter
Department of Psychology
Queens Drive
Exeter EX4 4QJ
UK
Fax (44) 392 26 31 08
Professor Arie Rip
Universiteit Twente
WMW (TW-RC-310)
Postbus 217
7500 AE Enschede
Netherlands
Tel. (31) 53 89 33 45
Fax (31) 53 35 06 25
Dr. Michael Thompson
Musgrave Institute
52 Northolme Road
Highbury
London N5 2UX
UK
Tel. (44) 71 704 93 87
Dr. Brian Wynne
centre for Science Studies and Science Policy
University of Lancaster
Lancaster LA1 4YN
UK
Tel. (44) 524 652 01
Fax (44) 524 84 63 39
TASK FORCE 5
Institutional Response
Management Tools and Policy Instruemnts
List of Participants
Professor Bruno Dente (Chair)
Insittuto per la Ricerca Sociale
Via ZZ Settembre 24
20123 Milano
Italy
Tel. (39) 2 481 56 53
Fax (39) 2 480 084 95
Mr. James Cameron
Centre for International Environmental Law
Kings College London
Manresa Road
London 5W3 6LX
UK
Tel. (44) 71 352 81 23
Fax (44) 71 351 64 35
Dr. Pieter-Jan Klok
Department of public Administration
University of Twente
Postbus 217
7500 AE Encshede
Netherlands
Tel. (31) 53 89 32 03
Fax (31) 53 35 66 95
Professor Pete Knoepfel
Institut des Hautes Etudes en
Administration Publique
Universite de Lausanne
Route de Savannes 31/B
1007 Lausanne
Switzerland
Tel. (41) 21 635 05 68
Fax (41) 21 248 951
Dr. Corrine Larrue
L'OEIL. Institut d'Urbanisme de Paris
Universite Paris XII-Val de Marne
12, avenue de General de Gaule
94010 Creteil
France
Tel. (33) 1 42 07 39 97
Fax (33) 1 42 07 70 12
Dr. Angela Liberatore
Department of Political and Social Sciences
European University Insittute
Via Dei Roccettni 9
50016 San Domenico di Fiesole
Italy
Tel. (39) 55 50 921
Fax (39) 55 59 98 87
Mr. Peter McIntosh
Director of Water and Environmental Science
Thames Water Utilities
Nugent House (RBH2)
Vastern Road
Reading, Berkshire RG1 8DB
UK
Tel. (44) 734 59 32 46
Fax (44) 734 56 70 39
Nicola Pain
Environmental Defender's Office Ltd.
Suite Pitt Street
Sidney 2000
Australia
Tel. (61) 2 261 35 99
Fax (61) 2 267 75 48
Professor Joan Subirats
Universitat Autonoma de Barcelona
Departamento de Ciencia Politica
i de Dret Public
Edifici B
08193 Bellaterra, Barcelona
Spain
Tel. (34) 3 581 22 28
Fax (34) 3 581 20 02
Dr. Helmut Weidner
WXB
Reichpietschufer 50
1000 Berlin 30
Germany
Tel. (49) 30 254 91 269/284
Fax (49) 30 254 91 684
TASK FORCE 6
Institutional Response
International Issues
List of participants
Professor Arild Underdal (Chair)
Institute of Political Sciences
University of Oslo
PO Box 1097 - Bindern
0317 Oslo 3
Norway
Tel. (47) 2 45 51 72 or 80
Fax (47) 2 45 44 11
Professor Kenneth hanf
Faculteit der Sociale Wetenschappen
Erasmus Universiteit
Postbus 1738
3000 DR Rotterdam
Netherlands
Tel. (31) 10 408 21 36/11 11
Fax (31) 10 452 78 42
Dr. Otto Keck
European University Insittute
Department of Political and Social Studies
Badia Fiesoiana
Via Del Roccettini, 9
50016 San Domenico di Fiesole
Italy
Tel. (39) 55 509 21
Fax (39) 55 59 98 87
Finn Laursen
European Institute of public Administration
PO Box 1229
6201 BE Maastricht
Netherlands
Tel (31) 43 29 62 30
Fax (31) 43 29 62 96
Dr. Rodolpho Lewanski
Dipartimento di Organizzazione e
Sistema poltica
Universita degli studi di Bologna
Via Giuseppe Petroni 33
40126 bologna
italy
Tel (39) 51 22 85 07/27 05 21
Fax (39) 51 23 40 36
Martin List
Institute fur Politikwissenschaft
Eberhard Karis Universitat Tubingen
Melanchtonstrasse 36
7400 Tubingen 1
Germany
tel. (49) 7071 29 54 42
Fax (49) 7071 29 59 90
Professor Volker Rittberger
Institut fur Politikwissenschaft
Eberhard-Karls-Universitat Tubingen
Melanchthonstrasse 36
7400 Tubingen 1
Germany
Tel (49) 7017 29 49 57
Fax (49) 7071 29 59 90
Detief Sprinz
Department of Political Science
University of Michigan
5602 Haven Hall
Ann Arbor, MI 48109-1045
USA
Tel (1) 313 764 23 01
FAx (1) 313 764 33 41
Dr. Tapani Vaahtoranta
Finnish Institute of International Affairs
Pursimiehenkatu 8
00150 Helsinki
Finland
Tel. (358) 0 170 434
Fax (358) 0 669 375
NORTH SEA PILOT PROJECT
Waste Disposal Strategies
Research Teams
Germany
Professor Ernst Mohr
(Research team leader)
Kiel Institute of World Economics
PO Box 4309
Dusternbrooker Weg 120
2300 Kiel 1
Germany
Tel. (49) 431) 88 42 72
Fax (49) 431 858 53
Dr. Johannes Heister
Kiel Institute of World Economics
PO Box 4309
Dusternbrooker Weg 120
2300 Kiel 1
Germany
Tel. (49) 431 88 41
FAx (49) 431 858 53
Professor Gernot Klepper
Kiel Institute of World Economics
P.O. Box 4309
Dusternbrooke Weg 120
2300 Kiel 1
Germany
Tel.(49)431 88 44 85
Fax (49) 431 858 53
The Netherlands
Dr. Harmen Verbruggen
(Research team leader)
Deputy Director
Institute for Environmental Studies
Vrije Universiteit
De Boelelaan 115. Provisorium 1
1081 HV Amsterdam
Netherlands
Tel. (31) 20 548 38 27
Fax (31) 20 44 50 56
United Kingdom
Mr. R. Kerry Turner
(Research team leader)
School of Environmental Science
University of East Anglia
Norwich, Norfolk NR4 7TJ
UK
Tel (44) 603 593176
Fax (44) 603 507 719
Mr. David Brown
Environmental Appraisal Group
School of Environmental Science
University of East Anglia
Norwich, Norfolk NR4 7TJ
UK
Tel. (44) 603 561 161
FAx (44) 533 52 22 00
Dr. Alistar Grant
School of Environmental Sciences
University of East Anglia
Norwich NR4 7TJ
UK
Tel (44) 603 56161
Fax (44) 603 507 719
Professor Albert Weale
School of Economics and Social Studies
University of East Angla
Norwich NR4 7TJ
UK
Tel. (44) 603 56161
Fax (44) 603 58553
Ms Andrea Williams
School of Economics and Social Studies
University of East Anglia
Norwich NR4 7TJ
UK
Tel. (44) 603 56161
Fax (44) 603 58553
NORTH SEA PILOT PROJECT
Management of North Sea Eutrophication
Resarch Teams
The Netherlands
Professor Ina Hommes
(Research team Leader)
Erasmus Centre for Environmental Studies
PO Box 1738
3000 Dr Rotterdam
Netherlands
Tel. (31) 10 408 20 50
Fax (44) 524 84 30 87
Dr. L.W. Baas
Erasmus Centre for Environmental Studies
PO Box 1738
3000 Dr Rotterdam
Netherlands
Tel. (31) 10 408 20 50
Fax (31) 10 408 2407
Drs. Han Hegeman
Erasmus Centre for Environmental Studies
PO Box 1738
3000 Dr Rotterdam
Netherlands
Tel. (31) 10 408 20 50
Fax (31) 10 408 2407
The Scandinavian Tema
Professor Einar Hope
(Research team leader)
Centre of Applied Research
Norwegian School of Economics and Business Administration
University of Oslo
Breiviken 2
5035 Bergen-Scandviken
Norway
Tel. (47) 5 95 95 00
Fax (47) 5 25 88 74
Dr. Balbir Singh
Centre of Applied Research
Norwegian School of Economics and Business Administration
University of Oslo
Breiviken 2
5035 Bergen-Sandviken
Norway
Tel. (47) 5 95 95 00
Fax (47) 5 25 88 74
MEDITERRANEAN PROJECT
Sharing Scarce Fresh Water Resources in the
Mediterranean Basin:
An Economic Perspective
Professor Mordechai Shechter
(Research team leader)
Head
Natural Resources & Environment Research Center
University of Haifa
Mount Carmel
Haifa 31905
Israel
Tel. (972) 4 24 00 83
Fax (972) 4 34 21 01/4
Dr. Nir Becker
University of Halfa
Mount Carmel
Haifa 31905
Israel
Tel. (972) 4 24 00 83
Fax (972) 4 34 21 01
Dr Dimitrios A. Glannias
Department of Economics
University of Crete
741 00 Rethimno
Greece
Tel. (30) 1 901 35 60
Fax (30) 1 901 82 51
Dr Joseph N. Lekakis
University of Crete
School of Social Sciences
Departmentof Economics Perivolia - Rethimno 741 00
Greece
Te. (30) 831 23692
Fax (30) 831 20021
Professor Ignazio Musu
Dipartimento di Scienze Economiche
Universita degli Studi de Venezia
Ca Foscari, Dorsoduro 3246
30123 Venezia
Italy
Tel. (39) 41 52 98 364
Fax (39) 41 52 98 365
Professor Patrick Point
Laboratoire d'Analyse et de
Recherche Economique
Faculte de Sciences Economiques
Universite de Bordeaux 1
Avenue Leon Douguit
33604 Pessac
France
Tel. (33) 56 80 61 50
Fax (33) 56 37 00 25
Dr. Naomi Zeitouni
University of Haifa
Mount Carmel
Haifa 31905
Israel
Tel (972) 4 24 00 83
Fax (972) 4 34 21 01
MEDITERRANEAN PROJECT
Working Group on Environment and International
Cooperation in the Mediterranean Region
Mr. Deigo Piacentino
(Research team leader)
Universita degli Studi di Roma
Facolta di Economia e Commercio
Instituto di Scienza Delle Finanze
Via del Castro Laurenziano, 9
00161 Roma
Italy
Tel.(39) 6 446 19 64
Fax (39) 6 494 16 21
Arch. Alberto Giulio Bernstein
Consorzio Venezia Nuova
San Marco, 3976/A
30124 Venezia
Italy
Tel. (39) 41 52 93 511
Fax (39) 41 52 89 252
Professor Michel Grenon
Observiatoire Mditerranen de l'nergie
Ecole des Mines
Rue Claude Dannesse
sophia Antipolis
06560 Valbonne
France
Tel. (33) 93 95 75 75
Fax (33) 93 65 43 04
Dr. Ezedine Hadj-Mabrouk (Observer)
The World Bank
Environment Division
1818 H Street, NW
20433 Washington, D.C.
USA
Tel (1) 202 473 25 13
Fax (1) 202 477 63 91
Professor A. Pavasovic (Observer)
UNEP Mediterranean Action Plan
Regional Activity Center
Kraj sv Ivana 11
58000 Split
Yugoslavia
Tel. (38) 58 43 49 9
Fax (38) 58 36 16 77
Dr. Alessandro Lanza
Fondazione Enrico Mattei
Via Santa Sofia, 27
20122 Milano
Italy
Tel. (39) 2 52 03 69 34
Fax (39) 2 52 03 69 46
Dr. Angela Liberatore
Department of Political and Social Sciences
European University Institute
Via Dei Roccenttini 9
50016 San Domenico di Fiesole
Italy
Tel (39) 55 50 92 1
Fax (39) 55 59 98 87
Professor Ignazio Musu
Dipartimento di Scienze Economiche
Universita degli Studi di Venezia
Ca Foscari, Dorsoduro 3246
30123
Venezia
Italy
Tel (39) 41 52 98 364
Fax (39) 41 52 98 365
Professor Giorgio Panelia
dipartimento di Economia Pubblica
e Territoriale
Corso Carlo Alberto 5
27100 Pavia
Italy
Tel. (39) 382 38 74 10
FAx (39) 382 36 74 02
Professor Marcello Vighi
Instituto di Entomologia
Factoit di Agaria
Universit di Milano
Via Celoria, 2
20133 Milano
Italy
Tel (39) 2 236 28 80
Fax (39) 2 266 80 320
