CONTENTS Executive Summary 11 Introduction 17 Objectives of the Proposed Work and Expected Significance 23 Methods to be Employed 26 Actions of the Working Group 27 Recommendations for Further Work 29 Discussion 37 Role of the International Social Science Council 42 Appendices 43 Jerome M. Clubb, ÒICPSR Data Holdings and Research on the Social Dimensions of Global ChangeÓ; Paul de Guchteneire, ÒDutch Contribution to the International Inventory of Survey Data on Global Environmental ChangeÓ; Bjorn Henrichsen, ÒAttitudes towards Environmental Issues in NorwayÓ, NSD; Marcela Miguel, ÒLevel One Inventory of Surveys Containing Questions Relating to the EnvironmentÓ; Ronald Milavsky and Christian Donahue, ÒIndex to Environment Questions in the Poll Database of the Roper Center for Public Opinion ResearchÓ; Eric Tanenbaum, ÒESRC Survey Data Catalogue and Indexes on the EnvironmentÓ; Robert M. Worcester, ÒLevel Two Inventory of Questions relating to the Environment undertaken for the WWF and othersÓ; Tom W. Smith and Frederick D. Weil, ÒFinding Public Opinion Data: A Guide to SourcesÓ, Public Opinion Quarterly, Volume 54:609-626, 1990.107; Humphrey Taylor, ÒQuestionnaire on Public and Leadership Attitudes to the EnvironmentÓ, Louis Harris Ð UNEP Survey, 1988; Robert M. Worcester, ÒMORI International Questionnaire for Research into Public Attitudes to the EnvironmentÓ; European Commission, ÒEurobarometer QuestionnaireÓ. DYNAMICS OF SOCIETAL LEARNING ABOUT GLOBAL ENVIRONMENTAL CHANGE Executive Summary Research on human dimensions of global environmental conditions must consider human activities both as they contribute to and as they are affected by global environmental change. The objective of the work to be done has been defined as: ÒTo create a systematic overview and understanding of the awareness and perceptions of the worldÕs population to global environmental change and its threat potentialÓ and, (added by the Working Party)Òto monitor attitudinal and behavioral changes over time.Ó The task is massive, and will inevitably fail to achieve total success. While this is certain, it should not deter efforts to systematize work that is being and has been done by both public and private sector researchers in many countries throughout the world, in some cases over thirty or more years. Through work done under the auspices of the International Social Science Council (ISSC), the World Association for Public Opinion Research (WAPOR) and many other national and international governmental agencies, non-governmental agencies and private research institutes and corporations, much work has been done in terms of studies designed to understand the behavior, attitudes, values and learning processes of people throughout the world relating to the human dimensions of global environmental change. Much of this work, however, is unfamiliar even to social scientists and is certainly unknown to most physical and human sciences researchers undertaking research in this field. Overlapping work is proposed, funded and undertaken without sufficient understanding of what has gone before. Surveys are undertaken without the principal investigators being aware of earlier work, or comparable work being undertaken in other countries. There are no special collections of environment survey databases in the major data archives, at least until now. And the acquisition programs of the data archives, even where they are well organized, well funded and professionally managed, are ÒspottyÓ in relation to environmental data. Thus there is a clear need for better funded and aggressive acquisitions efforts to be mounted by data archives around the world, better support for archiving in less well developed countries as yet without a tradition of systematic archiving, better dissemination of the presence of the interest in and support for data banks and special collections of survey data of studies of the human dimensions of global environmental change, and better understanding among users and potential users of such archival facilities on the topic. This report begins the task. In the pages that follow we review the background to our work, indicate the steps we took to initiate the inventory procedures, determine further work required, suggest how to tackle the tasks we have identified, and outline an approach to the work to be done within the overall ISSC Human Dimensions of Global Environmental Change Program. We recommend the inauguration of a program on ÒDynamics of Societal Learning About Global Environmental Change.Ó It should consist of several phases and be carried out by a variety of institutions, research agencies and government and non-governmental organizations. We list the principal points below and expand on them in the main body of the report. 1. The construction of an international data directory or master list of researchers, research institutes and archives to direct both social and physical scientists to sets of relevant base-line measures. This constitutes the highest priority, in terms of timing, and has been started with the initial interest group within the World Association of Public Opinion Research and with the efforts of this Working Group. The identified measures would be derived from existing survey research concerning what people know about global environmental problems (knowledge), what their attitudes are in relation to these problems (attitudes) and the importance they attach to them (salience), how this relates to them in their lives (values) and the effect this has on them and the actions they take in relation to the environment as a result (behavior) Ð together with appropriate demographic, geographic, attitudinal and psychographic data about them. 2. Research on the treatment of environmental issues by the media in the major countries of the world. This too has begun, and should include both print and broadcast media, including educational programming as well as news coverage. This should begin with a survey of existing knowledge, attitudes and behavior, linked with content analysis where it exists, and expanded into an extensive program of on- going empirical research. 3. A program of research on the treatment of environmental issues in school curricula around the world. Such a program should analyze what is taught in schools at different levels, what is learned, what the governmental and school administrative policies are with regard to these teaching programs and the views of teachers and students towards the teaching of and learning about the human dimensions of global environmental change. 4. Support for innovative studies that focus on particular aspects of societal learning about the human dimensions of global environmental change. This would include studies on the impact of specific environmental events (disasters, surprising scientific findings, obvious and rapid environmental deterioration, and the like). We recognize that we need to know more about how people react to and regard the occurrence of environmental events, and the effect these events have on their lives, attitudes and behavior. 5. Studies of the interaction of public and elite opinion and the effect this has on legislative, executive and judicial action. We know that we know little about how public opinion influences government action, and we know that we should know and understand better how forces coalesce and focus until governmental action is taken over the combined opposition of inertia and groups against environmental change. 6. An investigation of the link between psychographic profile distributions and area coverage, marrying satellite-obtained, spatially-referenced data with survey research data. We wish to see support and interest in a program to investigate the link between attitude and behavioral characteristics that relate to demographic characteristics for which spatially-referenced data could be obtained. In this way scientists could support displays of the geographical distribution of subject environmental phenomena drawing on geo-demographic area classification (as we often do now in administrative/political classifications), but adding to this data obtained from remote sensing activities such as land use, eg. deforestation, urban blight, pesticide pollution areas, airport take off and landing areas and other geographic classifications. 7. Funding of studies of the interaction of public opinion and its effect on business decision making. The development of environmentally safe products, the forcing of choice between environmentally friendly and environmentally harmful corporate behavior, is affected by corporate decision makersÕ perception of the trade off between maximation of return on investment in the short term and corporate social responsibility in the longer. Often government actions protecting theenvironment are delayed or blunted by effective corporate lobbying. To see to what degree corporate behavior is and can be influenced by public and elite opinion could be greatly beneficial to the environmental movement and to the future of the world. In the report that follows, each of these proposals is expanded and developed. The problem is large, our contribution slight, and by its nature, unfocused. Our group is small, the budget limited. Much has been contributed by its members intruding into the time they should have devoted to their work, their family and their leisure. We also recognize that many scholars and researchers, government civil servants, environmental pressure group members, and others are actively engaged in allied programs and projects, and of course we applaud this. But we also know that transference of knowledge is vital to the solution of the problems that we face as members of the human race, coexisting on this planet with other species and supporting plant life and the soil, air and water that sustain, for now, us all. The Working Group, its affiliated organizations and institutions, and the International Social Science Council, are grateful to the Consortium for International Earth Science Information Network (CIESIN) for the funding that has enabled this work to be undertaken, meetings to be held, and this report prepared and submitted. Finally, thanks are offered from the chairman of the Working Group to its members for their individual and collective efforts, for their willingness to attend the three meetings of the Group and for the support of their institutions. Thanks are also proffered from the Working Group to Paul de Guchteneire, IFDO President, and to those IFDO members who mae the effort to dredge their archives for relevant environmental data, to WAPOR and those of its members who responded to the call for information about survey data in their archives, to CIESIN for its funding and encouragement of the project, to Professor Harold Jacobson and the ISSC Standing Committee on the Human Dimensions of Global Change, and to the ISSC executive and staff who supported the Working GroupÕs work. Introduction Over the past two years since its establishment, members of the International Social Science Council (ISSC) Standing Committee of the Human Dimensions of Global Environmental Change (HDGEC) have met on a number of occasions, in Paris at the ISSC headquarters, in Tokyo, in Ann Arbor, and in Madrid, to develop a ÒFramework for ResearchÓ on HDGEC, under the chairmanship of Professor Harold K. Jacobson, American political scientist and ISSC Member at Large. The Standing Committee is composed of ten scholars representing ten social scientific disciplines and ten countries. The ÒFrameworkÓ was agreed to by the Standing Committee and was presented to the Congress of the ISSC, held in Palma last November. It outlined an integrated, systematic program of research, research topics and conceptual and methodological developments required for the study of global environmental change from an international, multidisciplinary social science perspective. It is the Standing CommitteeÕs view that human actions are having substantial, cumulative and accelerating effects on the total Earth system and the environment that it provides for life. There is great concern regarding the growing pollution of air, lakes, rivers, oceans and seas; acid rain; ozone depletion; disposal of dangerous substances; and rapid decertification and deforestation leading to global warming. Environmental degradation endangers species and undermines the well being of individuals and societies. Greater knowledge about the interactions of human activities and environmental change is essential for more informed long-term sustainable use of the EarthÕs systems. Research on human dimensions of global environmental conditions must consider human activities both as they contribute to and as they are affected by global environmental change. The human activities that interact with the EarthÕs natural system are driven by three fundamental factors: the number of human beings and their distribution around the globe; their needs and desires as conditioned by psychological, cultural, religious, economic and historical factors which provide their motivations to act; and the cultural, religious, social, economic and political structures, institutions, norms and laws that shape and mediate their behavior. These factors can be encompassed within three broadly defined research topics: the social dimensions of resource use; the perception and assessment of global environmental conditions and change; and the impacts of local, national and international social, economic and political structures and institutions of the global environment. While each of these topics must be investigated separately, they must also be investigated in combination as they interact in specifically defined contexts where human activities have a direct impact on the physical, chemical and biological processes that are involved in global environmental change. As the deliberations of the Standing Committee took place, each of the disciplines represented became cognizant of the need for a better understanding of the state of public knowledge and understanding, attitudes and concerns, past and present behavior and willingness to alter behavior in the future in the light of enhanced knowledge of the threats posed to the environment and to current and future generations by the behavior of mankind today. It was hypothesized by the Committee from the uncoordinated and fragmented evidence available that there were substantial differences in these measurable factors between developed and developing countries, East and West, North and South. Within each nation/state, there are vast differences between segments of each society whether measured demographically, attitudinally, geographically or by life style/psychographics. The CommitteeÕs Work Program stated that: ÒResearch on the human dimensions of global environmental change must be grounded in empirical observation. These data must be comparable and available for long time periods. For some issues, data must be global in scope. ÒAlthough relevant data already exist for research on the human dimensions of global environmental change, these data have not been systematically inventoried, nor are they easily accessible. In addition, new data will be required to fill gaps in existing data and to cover issues and topics that have not been covered. Comparable measures for regional and global data must be devised. ÒThere are new technologies for obtaining and handling data. Geographic information systems provide a highly sophisticated means of arraying and analyzing data with spatial dimensions, and remote sensing offers new techniques for gathering data. Remote sensing may make it possible to gather data more efficiently than through traditional techniques or to measure phenomena that cannot be measured by traditional techniques. ISSC will sponsor working groups on all of these topics.Ó Thus the Committee felt that there was a need for an initial program of: I Ð Secondary Analysis Ð Undertaking a database search of relevant data lodged in the government- and privately- sponsored data archives, independent research institutes and other sources, and, II Ð Secondary Data Collection Ð International non- governmental organizations such as WWF (World Wide Fund for Nature), international governmental agencies such as the European Commission and the UN and national governments such as the Department of the Environment of the British Government and the Environmental Protection Agency of the United States Government all have commissioned work into environmental topics of both a behavioral (eg, use of lead- free petrol) and attitudinal nature, which together represent a crucial building block of knowledge essential to the development of the integrated program of research presented to the ISSC last November and which was adopted by the Congress of delegates from the affiliated associations and professional bodies. Preliminary action had been taken earlier to collate what is already known, to lead to the identification of gaps in the knowledge base and to lead to recommendations for policy action under the auspices of the World Association for Public Opinion Research (WAPOR), an NGO founder affiliate of the ISSC. Following the XVII General Assembly of the International Social Science Council, 6-8 December 1988, a Standing Committee on Human Dimensions of Global Change (HDGC) was appointed by ISSC President Candido Mendes, a report to then President of the World Association of Public Opinion Research (WAPOR), Professor Frederick Turner, informed him of the decisions reached at the General Assembly, including the establishment of the Standing Committee and its terms of reference. Dr. Turner and Dr. Sigihi Nisihira, WAPOR Council Member at Large, were aware of the HDGC project as they had represented WAPOR at the Tokyo symposium and, following that meeting, had already established a WAPOR Special Committee for the HDGCP. The Report of the Tokyo symposium stated that to understand public opinion in relation to global environmental change the following tasks need to be carried out: 1. Review existing research in the social and policy sciences in contexts not currently seen as relating to global change. 2. Create a systematic overview and understanding of the awareness and perception of the worldÕs population of global environmental changes and their potential threat. 3. Determine public awareness and perception of global environmental hazards Ð geographical patterns, trends, databases, entrance to agenda of governments, NGOs, environmental groups, etc. 4. Analyze how beliefs and practices of major cultural traditions affect perceptions and attitudes toward global change, the choice of actions for addressing it, and the implementation of specific prevention and adaption strategies. 5. Examine the role of the mass media, educational systems, expert disagreements, and social movements in creating such awareness; make specific proposals for means to increase more recognition and understanding. WAPOR President Turner appointed WAPOR council member Raphael Lopez-Pintor (Spain) and WAPOR member Roberto Guimaraes (Chile) to co-chair a WAPOR Special Committee on Human Dimensions of Global Change (Environment). Extensive publicity has been given within WAPOR to the establishment and terms of reference of the Special Committee via the WAPOR Newsletter and, from responses to the NewsletterÕs request for expressions of interest, President Turner established a ten member committee. Roberto Guimaraes was nominated to represent WAPOR on the Brazilian Amazon Basin Group and presented a paper to that groupÕs seminar, which will be included in the book of the papers of the conference being prepared for publication by geographer and conference rapporteur, ISSC Standing Committee Member, geographer Professor Leszek Kosinski of Canada. The 1989 WAPOR Conference (held in Stockholm September 3-5) included discussion of the HDGC activities at the meeting of the Council which met the day before the Conference, and opened with a panel session with a paper by Ms. Michele Corrado (GB) reporting on British data relating public attitudes and perceptions to environmental concerns. These include trends in attitudes to air and water pollution from data collected in 1969-70 and updated in 1989, two decades later, from work done in connection with the World Conservation Strategy in 1983, and from current environmentally-based behavioral and attitude research. This paper included reference to measures of public attitudes in the USA, Federal Republic of Germany and Australia as well as to British data. Another paper was presented at the WAPOR Conference by Professor Seymore Warkov (USA), a sociologist, which analyzed the conflict between political elites and popular opinion in relation to the location of proposed waste management facilities. He thus incorporated in his paper several interdisciplinary issues in the HDGC context. Discussion of the papers was brisk among the 22 countriesÕ delegates present, with perhaps the sharpest comments coming from a delegate from Brazil who expressed reservations about the relevance of first-world concerns about harvesting of tropical hardwoods to third-world citizens whose existence is dependent upon exploitation of their natural resources. The next WAPOR activity was a regional meeting in September 1989 in Australia at which a report was made on the WAPOR HDGC activities and interest from members assessed. The WAPOR Special Committee already had an Australian member, but others with a keen interest in the topic from the Pacific Rim were identified. The meeting also uncovered independent work being done into peopleÕs attitudes to the environment in Australia. In January 1990, an interdisciplinary Seminar jointly sponsored by IPSA and WAPOR took place in Caracas. WAPOR President Fred Turner and ISSC Vice President and Standing Committee Member Robert Worcester were at that meeting and met to discuss progress. The WAPOR Annual Conference in May 1990 in Lancaster, Pennsylvania, USA, saw a program session devoted to the topic of research into environmental issues. The Special Committee also met at that Conference and reported back to the annual business meeting. Professor JacobsonÕs ÒNote on HDGCPÓ highlights a number of points that have been taken into consideration by the planning of the proposals for research from WAPOR. 1. It recognized that the ISSC research agenda should focus primarily on the human dimensions of the problems. 2. Although dealing in most cases with local, national, or regional effects, the research must have global consequences. 3. It should examine not only how existing patterns of consumption affect the use of natural resources but also how demographic and attitudinal changes affect these patterns of consumption. 4. Perception and assessment of environmental change is a subject area: How governmental policy makers, managers of industrial enterprises, and publics perceive and assess global environmental changes will determine how mankind reacts to and behaves toward such changes. 5. Research should be mainly multi-disciplinary research will be done by individuals and teams. 6. Data collection will be a major aspect of the overall research program. 7. Data will be collected on bases that are comparable. 8. The research will be conducted in parallel, cooperatively, or internationally. WAPOR is in agreement with these principles as they apply to the expertise and experience of its members. At the same time, it was pointed out that a great deal of research has already been undertaken, in some cases over many years, into various aspects covered by this topic. Much work has been done by governments, private institutes and corporations. Little collation, however, has been undertaken. Many studies dealing with topics not specifically related to the environment per se contain material of interest to researchers studying human dimensions of global environmental change. Further, little of the attitudinal work that has been done has been carried out on a comparable, international, basis. Finally, dissemination of the data has been minimal. Objectives of the Proposed Work and Expected Significance The Objective of the proposed ISSC Program of Work are: 1. To improve scientific understanding and increase awareness of the complex dynamics governing human interaction with the total earth system; 2. To create a systematic overview and understanding of the awareness and perceptions of the worldÕs population concerning global environmental changes and their threat potential; 3. To examine the roles of the mass media, educational system, expert disagreements, and social movements in creating such awareness; 4. To analyze how beliefs and practices of major cultural traditions affect perceptions and attitudes toward global change; 5. To strengthen efforts to study, explore and anticipate social change affecting the global environment; 6. To identify broad social strategies to prevent or mitigate undesirable impacts of global change, or to adapt to changes that are already unavoidable; 7. To analyze policy options for dealing with global environmental change and promoting the goal of sustainable development. Point two above is the starting point of the Objectives of the Work which has been funded in 1990-91 by the Consortium for International Earth Science Information Network (CIESIN). Under the section on The Data Program, the Standing CommitteeÕs proposed Work Program further articulated the brief for the Working Group on Survey Research Data, as follows: ÒWorking Group on Survey Research Data. Decisions to take actions that contribute to global change and about how to respond to human change will be taken by individuals acting on their own and collectively in private and public institutions. Human behavior is dependent on the information people have, how they interpret it, and what they decide to do about it. In order to understand the relationship between the perception and assessment of environmental problems and human behavior patterns, social scientists must have appropriate data on attitudes and perceptions. ÒPolling both of samples of general publics and elite and other specialized groups has been widespread in Western countries and is done with increasing frequency elsewhere. These polls have been conducted by scholars, public bodies such as the Commission of the European Community (and NGOs) and commercial agencies. ÒMuch of the data has been placed in archives such as those of the Inter-University Consortium for Political and Social Research, the Roper Center, and the European Consortium for Political Research (archives). Many of these data are relevant to issues of global environmental change. ÒThis working group will conduct an inventory of existing survey research data on knowledge, attitudes and behavior relating to global environmental change. It will assess in a general way the quality of these data. It will identify gaps in the data. ÒBase-line survey data relating to global environmental change is essential to the conduct of research on the human dimensions of global environmental change. Regular monitoring is also essential because detecting and measuring change and assessing their significance will be an important research task. The Working Group on Survey Research Data will identify the components of critical base-line data and assess the extent to which existing data provide adequate base-lines for cross-national and global studies. It will determine what should be done to establish regular monitoring of opinion concerning all facets of global environmental change.Ó Its end objective is to ensure that social scientists, policy makers, economists and others have a database that is methodologically well founded, comparable across borders and regions, relevant today and designed to be updatable tomorrow as events affect attitudes and behavior. The database should be available as a tool for all survey researchers, sociologists, political scientists and others to use freely in future work funded by foundations, governments, NGOs and other institutions. Expected significance is difficult to define; it is the foundation stone of social scientific efforts to understand our point of departure. The involvement of the ISSC began several years ago, when the coordinating body of the international social science community was approached by its sister organization of the physical sciences (with overlapping geographers and demographers) and asked to help them to understand why humankind was so contrary, so slow to recognize and accept the importance of the issue and the need for change of behavior if humankind was to survive for much longer on this planet. There had never been any published literature search or any extensive, referenced, Òdata dredgeÓ into what was known about public and elite opinion on attitudes and behavior towards air and water pollution which was known to have been researched as early as the 1950s in the United States and 1960s in Great Britain, or towards conservation, ecology, vehicle emissions, wildlife protection, biological diversity, etc. Global environmental change by definition concerns the world community as a whole. Therefore, this work must be planned and conducted in a coherent way throughout the world, in order to assess how local societal conditions and the interactions of social, economic and political processes in different parts of the world affect the ways human activities cause and are affected by global environmental change. Moreover, this research must by its nature and sponsorship involve collaboration among social scientists from diverse disciplines. This research to be most effective, will involve a linking of individuals and institutions from disparate regions of the world which has now for several years been the approach that WAPOR, working under the ISSC umbrella, has taken. As indicated above, this international and interdisciplinary approach has dominated within WAPOR since its establishment in 1948. Methods to be Employed The Framework for Research of the HDGEC/ISSC contains important background on matters relating to this Report: ÒWhile there have been surveys and case studies of attitudes toward environmental conditions, some at the multinational level, few of these have focused specifically on issues related to global environmental change. There are no base- line data on public attitudes worldwide toward global environmental conditions and changes in these conditions. Nor are there base-line data concerning the relationships between individual and collective behavior and global environmental change. It is crucially important that those studies that have focused specifically on aspects of global environmental change should be compiled, so that they can be used as a foundation for worldwide baseline surveys. It is also important that the many studies of attitudes towards environmental conditions be compiled, so that analyses of relationships between attitudes concerning local and global environmental issues can be undertaken.Ó ÒBroad theories about attitude formation and relationships between attitudes and behavior should be applied in the context of global environmental issues. However, this will require the collection of data, using both case study and survey techniques, concerning attitudes toward global environmental conditions and change. Finally, relationships among the attitudes of the general public, leaders of public and private groups, and governmental officials must be investigated and understood.Ó Actions of the Working Group Survey research in recent years has exploded. It has to our knowledge been carried out in over a score of countries. Yet, with three known exceptions, none has been coordinated internationally or made use of common schema of questionnaire design or methodological approach. Research should build upon what has gone before. Through the auspices of WAPOR and ISSC, working with the ESRC (Economics & Social Research Council) Survey Data Archives in Great Britain, the Roper Center at the University of Connecticut (Storrs), USA, the Inter-University Consortium for Political and Social Research (ICPSR) at the University of Michigan, USA, the Norwegian Social Science Data Services (NSD) in Bergen, and through the International Federation of Data Organizations for the Social Sciences (IFDO), over 1,000 studies of public attitudes to the environment have been identified and catalogued. A young scholar, Professor Marcela Miguel of the Catholic University of Argentina and a graduate student at the University of Connecticut, Storrs, has spent the past few months doing this work. Appended to this Report are both electronic and printout versions of the inventoried material plus a reprint from a recent issue of Public Opinion Quarterly, entitled ÒThe Polls Ð A Report,Ó which lists all of the data archives and many other data sources. The inventory work done to date identifies three levels: Level one is the searching and sourcing of research studies that have been devoted to or have included questions about the environment. Level two is the pulling out of each of these studies the overall findings of the public under study by question, so that investigators can determine precisely which universe was asked which precise question and the overall result that was obtained from what size sample, using which sampling methodology, asked during which time period. Level three is obtaining access to the findings of relevant studies so that the detailed analyses of subgroups may be examined and/or manipulated. The work done to date has used archives and desk research sources available during the four month period of the study. Inevitably, there are both overlaps and gaps, and an integration of the data at the primary level should be undertaken to ensure an efficient collation of the data sources. The admirable work undertaken by the European Community across all EC countries on the topic is listed (at level one) and documented (at level two) by several of the archives. In the Appendix of the Report of the Working Party on Survey Research Data to the ISSC, the level one disk/printout indicates the diversity of sources and countries from which data may be accessed (Miguel) and the level two disk/printout the diversity of questions from single countries and multi- country studies (archives and MORI) which may be accessed from these sources. It is not contended by the Working Party that central sourcing should go beyond level two, but that individual archives and/or the institutes that carried out the surveys should be approached for level three data access. Summaries of the contents of the disks are indicated below (in brief, six diskettes of over 1,000 studies carried out in more than a dozen countries, over thirty years). Copies of the disks are available from: HDGEC Secretariat (attention Ms. Francisca Garcia Sicilia) c/o Pomaret 21, Barcelona 08017, Spain Telephone (34-3) 417 9340 Fax (34-3) 417 9309 Recommendations for Further Work As indicated in the summary, we recommend the inauguration of a program on ÒDynamics of Societal Learning About Global Environmental Change.Ó It should consist of several phases and be carried out by a variety of institutions, research agencies and government and non-governmental organizations. The objectives laid out cannot be reached quickly, and are, inevitably, a moving target which will never be entirely met. Nor are they nor can they be the responsibilities of a single group of researchers. Yet much more coordination and collation is valuable, and even the small work we have done to date with the help of CIESIN has proved this. Many of these activities are currently being carried out by a variety of actors, as indicated in other places in this report. Our recommendations do not imply an effort to limit research activity in the field; to the contrary, they reflect our strongly felt obligation to get these things done Ð coherently, cost-effectively, quickly and facilitated, not orchestrated, from a single source. In the context of the International Social Science Council, the proposals made below seem to fit centrally into the subject matter of both the Working Group on Survey Research Data (#1) and the Working Group of Perception and Assessment of Global Environmental Conditions and Change (#9) and as well in a smaller way on the Working Group on Demographic Data (#3), and Working Group on Social/Behavioral In-field Data (#5), Working Group of Social Dimensions of Resource Use (#8) and Working Group on Impacts of Local, National, and International Social, Economic, and Political Structures and Institutions (#10). We would propose that several members from the Working Group of Survey Research Data be included in Working Group #9, as already recommended in the Work Program, but that, in addition, a survey researcher be included on the other four Working Groups as well. Our recommendations for further work include the following: 1. The construction of an international data directory or master list of researchers, research institutes and archives to direct both social and physical scientists to sets of relevant base-line measures. This constitutes the highest priority, in terms of timing, and has been started with the initial interest group within the World Association of Public Opinion Research (WAPOR) and with the efforts of this Working Group. The identified measures would be derived from surveys concerning what people know about global environmental problems (knowledge), what their attitudes are in relation to these problems (attitudes), the importance they attach to them (salience) and how this relates to them in their lives (values) and the effect this has on them and the actions they take in relation to the environment as a result (behavior) together with appropriate demographic, geographic, attitudinal and psychographic data about them. An international working group should determine what should be done. A program should be developed for augmenting these data sets through time by means of a coordinated program of supporting the inclusion of selected base-line measures into surveys carried out in major countries. These results should be placed immediately in an archive that would make them quickly available to the international scientific community. Our proposal is for a three-stage, multi-disciplinary, cross- national research program with the following components: I Ð Secondary Analysis Ð To undertake a further search of relevant data lodged in the government- and privately- sponsored data archives such as the ICPSR, the ESRC Data Archives at the University of Essex (GB), the NSD in Bergen, the Canadian, Dutch and Danish archives and the Roper Center at the University of Connecticut (Storrs USA), all of which are available in both electronically accessible format and printout. Further, to continue to monitor World Opinion Update, Public Opinion Quarterly, British Public Opinion, Eurobarometer and other published compilations of data relevant to the subject as they appear. Also, to set up a program to undertake bibliographic searches for apposite material; because so much data collection is so current it is thought that this effort will be increasingly productive and will lead to the expansion of data lodged in the proposed ÒSpecial HDGEC CollectionsÓ in the data archives. II Ð Secondary Data Collection Ð A tremendous amount of current work is under way. International bodies such as WWF and other environmental pressure groups in addition to the work done by the United Nations Environmental Program and the European Commission have recently commissioned work into environmental topics of both a behavioral (eg, use of lead- free petrol) and attitudinal nature. To our knowledge no previous effort has been made anywhere in the world to collect these data into a coherent and systematic database. This effort is fundamental to the work of the HDGCP. We also know that the work carried out by public bodies and NGOs is augmented by work done by the private sector, much of which can be obtained for the asking if private research agencies and companies who sponsor such work can be assured that data donated to data archives will not be misused, that their integrity will be respected. We propose that a lead archive be selected to coordinate this effort, that it serve as the hub of the ÒSpecial HDGEC CollectionsÓ effort, that second- level data be widely and freely dispersed to other IFDO- member archives from there, and that the selected archive be funded sufficiently to be able to hold seminars on the use of its collection, and generally assume ÒownershipÓ of the effort that the work of the Working Group has begun. III Ð Primary Data Collection Ð Finally, an ambitious multinational data collection effort is neither beyond comprehension or capability. Given funding and direction, it is possible now to carry out research among the publics of nearly every country in the world to a standard that, at a minimum, gives a better basis for understanding of the attitudes and behavior of the public than by any other method of estimation, and, in most countries, to a very high standard indeed. Although the inventory we have assembled numbers thousands of studies, we have barely scratched the surface. Much other work is known about by the members of the Working Group. For example, the contribution to the data bank from Canada was sparse, yet at least two on-going national programs of Canadian survey research exist carried out to a very high standard. One is conducted quarterly and has been going on for several years. While much of the data derived from these studies is proprietary in nature, there are a number of questions which are general, i.e., non-client specific, and which could be made available to the proposed Special Collection. We propose that the Working Group be restructured to reflect the changing nature of the above project and be funded to continue the work outlined above, under the ISSCÕs HDGEC Program, working with WAPOR and IFDO. The work of this group would naturally lead to a seminar of involved scholars and observers, and to an edited book outlining the findings of the studies and the analysis of the data. 2. A program of research on the treatment of environmental issues by the media in the major countries of the world. This proposed program links survey research data with media content analysis. It should include both print and broadcast media, educational programming as well as news coverage. This should begin with a survey of existing knowledge and attitudes, linked with content analysis where it exists, and expanded into an extensive program of on- going empirical research. Our Working Group has discussed this topic only briefly, but believes strongly that many of the attitudes about and knowledge of global environmental issues are determined via the media and thus should be developed as a main area of study. This research involves surveys of media habits of populations and elites as well as content analyses and other types of research. This research involves studies designed to discern linkages between media content as measured through content analysis studies and exposure of this media measured through surveys of populations and elites, including journalists themselves and their editors. These latter two elite groups have been included in surveys sponsored in Great Britain by WWF-UK and are included in the appendix (disk #7). The questions to be posed to the general public would deal with the role such exposure plays in the formation of environmentally relevant knowledge, attitudes and behavior. Many of these types of studies are archived, but often under other than environmental classifications. Indeed, one of the difficulties of locating environmentally relevant questions in archives is that they may be listed under a variety of different labels. A continuing task force would identify existing relevant media studies and work with other groups to establish priorities in this area and link survey researchers with the growing body of academics and others interested in communications as a separate discipline with national and international bodies, journals and other dissemination networks. 3. A program of research on the treatment of environmental issues in school curricula around the world. Such a program should analyze what is taught in schools at different levels, what is learned, what the governmental and school administrative policies are with regard to these teaching programs and the views of teachers and students towards the teaching of and learning about the human dimensions of global environmental change. The field of socialization is vast, and archives contain many relevant data sets. Some of these focus directly on socialization, while others are general population surveys that are especially useful for studying learning because of the their longitudinal nature or other aspects of their design. In recent years, scholars have concluded that learning is a life-long process, hence no longer is the topic associated solely with childhood learning. Nevertheless, childhood is an extremely important period that leads to considerable generational differences in attitudes, values and behaviors. The impact of schools may be of particular significance, especially in systems in which political socialization is carefully built into the curriculum Ð whatever its actual impact on students. What is taught is not necessarily what is learned, so that it is necessary to study students as well as curricula. This topic lends itself to cross-national work. It is, however, a sensitive subject, and it is especially important to build up collaborators in many countries to carry out large scale projects effectively. One major effort that merits attention is the ÒMonitoring the FutureÓ studies of the SRC-ISR. In these studies, a national sample of high school seniors in the United States has been studied yearly for an extended period and the data are carefully archived. For much of this period, a series of questions on environmental knowledge and attitude provides a time series on the evolution of the views of this key audience. To the knowledge of the Working Party, these data have not yet been exploited, yet are there available for study. Another effort, recently funded by the World Wide Fund for Nature (WWF-UK) and the Times Educational Supplement, involves a study by MORI Social Research Institute of a cross section of British teachersÕ awareness, knowledge, attitudes and behavior relating to the environment. It is to be carried out in 1991, and the survey results and documentation will be lodged at the ESRC Archives in Great Britain. Undoubtedly other studies exist in which environmental questions have played a subsidiary role in enquiries with excellent samples that provide potentially valuable data for our present efforts. Archival enquiries should seek to identify these studies. Surveys of teachers, civil servants in departments of education, political leaders, and the like should also be made a part of the research process. The end result could easily involve taking data on environmental problems from some of the archives and make special teaching packages (data and textbook) to be used in schools. In many countries PCs are now a basic tool in classroom teaching, and special teaching packages could be used to raise environmental awareness. Indeed, pioneering work is already under way by the ESRC Archives in Great Britain in its ÒSocio-Demographic Atlas of Great BritainÓ project which focuses on the British populationÕs use of environmental resources. 4. Support for innovative studies that focus on particular aspects of societal learning. This would include such topics as the impact of specific environmental events such as disasters, surprising scientific findings, obvious and rapid environmental deterioration, and the like on populations. This area is one that requires great creativity. There is a widely accepted methodology and there are standard practices for many aspects of the first three topics discussed above. Realization of the goals of this section requires innovation and imagination. A program of sponsoring research designed to encourage creativity could be quite rewarding. Such studies could, for example, focus on successful programs of public education that have affected attitudes and behaviors in related areas, such as studying the progress of the anti-smoking campaigns in various countries; the decision making and communications/persuasion programs which led to the acceptance of the need for and adoption of lead-free petrol by consumers and the oil and car industries and likewise the adoption of catalytic converters; the prohibition of various pollutants, agricultural pesticides, the requirement for more informative labelling, the banning of aerosol sprays, and so on. Though the main thrust of our recommendations concern mass publics, these studies should not deal only with them; special elite groups merit study as well, including the media, industry, government officials, politicians. 5. Studies of the interaction of public and elite opinion and the effect this has on legislative, executive and judicial action. We know that we know little about how public opinion influences government action, and we know that we should know and understand better how forces coalesce and focus until governmental action is taken over the combined opposition of inertia and pressure groups against environmental change. It is especially important to see how knowledge, information, attitudinal positions, salience and finally values in environmental concerns diffuse throughout populations and throughout the world and the effect this has on both societal and individual behavior. Survey research as a methodology is not and should not be thought to be associated with mass samples only. The sampling techniques, standardized questions, and rich modes of analysis associated with survey research are equally appropriate and have been employed for the study of multifarious populations, including bureaucracies, elites, media, organizations and many others highly important to the ecological field. There are few studies of any kind conducted anywhere in the world that would not be improved by systematic attention to the problems of sampling, question wording, generalizability and appropriate analysis strategies. 6. A program that investigates the link between psychographic profile distributions and area coverage, marrying satellite-obtained, spatially-referenced data with survey research data. Linking human survey-based estimates with comprehensive land-cover/usage is a major substantive problem. After all, trees do not decide on their own to make way for cattle, and those who do decide these things do so on their belief that there are markets for their products, hard woods and hamburgers. We seek support and interest in a program that would investigate the link between attitudinal and behavioral characteristics that relate to demographic characteristics for which spatially-referenced data could be obtained. In this way scientists could support displays of the geo- graphical distribution of subject environmental phenomena drawing on geo-demographic area classification (as we often do now in administrative/political classifications), but adding to this data obtained from remote sensing activities such as land use, eg. deforestation, urban blight, pesticide pollution areas, airport take off and landing areas and other geographic classifications. 7. Funding of studies of the interaction of public opinion and its effect on business decision making. The development of environmentally safe products, the forcing of choice between environmentally friendly and environmentally harmful corporate behavior is affected by corporate decision makersÕ perception of the trade off between maximation of return on investment in the short term and corporate social responsibility in the longer. Often government actions protecting the environment are delayed or blunted by effective corporate lobbying. To see to what degree corporate behavior is and can be influenced by public and elite opinion could be greatly beneficial to the environmental movement and to the future of the world. Discussion This work has begun under CIESINÕs funding. To do a thorough ÒdredgeÓ will take much additional funding and commitment. To list and even access data sets that focus on environmental matters is a rather straightforward task well within the capability of the archives participating in the work to date. Many studies focusing on other topics, however, touch on various relevant aspects of environmental problems. To catalogue every relevant question in a single language, English, is an expensive task, and one rendered more difficult by a lack of specificity as to the purposes of the intended study to be undertaken using the data. To expand the task into one of translation is beyond what would be feasible or even necessary. Better Ð in the view of the Working Group Ð is the identification of a Òkey wordÓ listing (see Appendix) which can easily be translated. There are more than 300 words in the appended list. Searches can then be made into other language data archive holdings to limit the list of potentially useful questions to be translated. There is also the linguistic problem faced by all survey researchers. Every experienced survey researcher is familiar with the problems that dealing with semantic interpretation inevitably presents. Words are often not what they seem, even within a single country at a single point in time. Translation, even double blind, leads researchers into traps of nuances that are never captured. And words such as Òenvironment,Ó change over time in the same language: PeopleÕs responses over decades may represent change of language as well as of attitude. These problems need the attention of scholars working in the field. Having a group of experienced researchers and archivists focus on a determination of what kinds of base-line measures are needed, followed by a clear definition of tasks, would convert these efforts into a manageable exercise. The process of carrying out these goals would require the resolution of numerous questions concerning the ownership of data, pricing of services, and obligations of original researchers and archives to the common pool of environmental information. These are not simple issues. They cannot be avoided. This project would provide a straight-forward opportunity to confront and resolve them. The archives represented in the current working group are some of the richer ones. They also contain much of the extant data. But there are others that contain useful and often fugitive materials. The creation of a special fund would facilitate selecting and processing these data by the larger distributor that is assigned this particular responsibility. The wealthier countries are also the ones in which environmental movements have had the greatest impact. Many examples come to mind such as the disastrous impact western attitudes to fur coats has had on the Arctic and sub-Arctic economies, the effect on indigenous populations of closing game reserves without regard for native economic realities, the growing use of lead-free petrol and catalytic converters, the banning of CFC aerosols, DDT and other agrochemicals in Western societies, and so on. The first two stages of the first project dealing with Secondary Analysis, are comparatively inexpensive, yet require identification of scholars and institutes capable of working within a coordinated multi-disciplinary, international context. Several have been identified and have been involved in the Working Group and in the WAPOR committee. Funding is required. As with any international endeavor, travel and communications costs are a disproportionate yet essential proportion of the budget requirement if this work is to continue and the results disseminated. The third stage Ð on Primary Data Collection Ð is monumental in both breadth and width. It is literally possible to survey the world. Even in China there are now institutes able with government permission to conduct such work. Most countries including Eastern Europe, carry out omnibus surveys of a high standard of the general public; questions can be added at minimum cost. It is also possible in most countries to carry out elite surveys with governmental policy makers, managers of industrial enterprises and other people in position of influence. These actors have power over the political and financial considerations that influence the climate of opinion among the general public to become a force for adoption or rejection of political and commercial action involving environmental change. Once it is determined what is now known about public attitudes and perceptions (Stages I and II), it is possible to conceive of a structured program of research (Stage III) across scores of countries asking dozens of questions. Answers can be analyzed by demographic, geographic and psychographic categorizations. In selected countries, comparable questions to elite audiences can be added. Data collection and data archiving are well developed in the advanced industrial democracies. That this is not the case elsewhere, so that considerations about data collection should, in the Working GroupÕs view, be concentrated in the first instance on providing funding to cover the organization and management of the program of research to include primary data collection in Latin America and Central and Eastern Europe. There are two of the most under-researched areas of the world yet have the capability for excellent work. At the same time they are of concern to the developed world where so much of the data collection has already taken and is taking place. For this reason, and building upon what is now known as to the reach and breadth of the work that has already been carried out, we propose to seek funding initially to concentrate on catching up in Latin America and Central and Eastern Europe. In Latin America, the anticipation of the UNCED program of 1992 is leading a number of countries to fund projects to be carried out in Brazil in advance of the meeting in June of that year. While a major survey of the population of Brazil would be feasible and useful, to have it in the context of a multi-country study of the population of a number of Latin American countries, eg. Mexico, Brazil, Chile, Venezuela, Argentina and Peru, would add enormously to the value both to the conference and to comparative data on the subject, especially if questions comparable to those asked across the member states of the European Community by the Eurobarometer and/or the questions asked in 1988 in the UNEP project can be used for comparability across country boundaries and over time. In Central Europe, the three countries best able to carry out such studies are Poland, Hungary and Czechoslovakia, In each, the need for such empirical data is great. Some studies have been carried out, and in a few cases offered for inclusion in the database. They were, however, on inspection thought of too limited a nature, although kept for use of specialist interest. There are now many new research institutes springing up in these countries. Several have excellent and well-trained staff who are capable of carrying out studies to an acceptable standard according to internationally assessed criteria. A data archive, TARKI, in Budapest is becoming affiliated with the ICPSR. It could be used as a sub-depositary for the ÒSpecial CollectionÓ under guidance, and is willing and anxious to play this role. We propose that funding be sought for the collation of the work done to date in Central Europe, that primary data collection be carried out initially in these three countries, and that an international seminar be convened to present the results of these studies, possibly in 1992, and that a book of the papers be edited and disseminated. The program we outline above should have been carried out a decade and more ago. It was not. To date, work has been uncoordinated and unreported for the most part, with considerable reinvention of the wheel. No one to our knowledge has yet become either the expert or the repository of what is known about attitudes to the environment in even a single country, much less the world. It is vital that this work now be done. WAPOR is willing to play its role in coordinating and ensuring the quality of the secondary and primary research that is required. It is, however, beyond the resource capability of WAPOR and its membership to fund such a project. There are numerous questions concerning how CIESINÕs affiliated Data Center will relate to existing social and health science archives. This report is not the place to consider these issues. But the questions will not go away. Establishing a continuing working group dealing with survey data would be a substantial step toward creating a mechanism for achieving agreement on such issues as who should carry out which tasks. We strongly urge CIESIN to support existing archives to better the things they do well and to explore with these archives how they may achieve many of the goals they share with CIESIN. They are inevitably pulled hither and yon by their clients, many of whom are more interested and whose careers are locked into more traditional areas of interest than the Human Dimensions of Global Environmental Change Program. The availability of the data in archives, easily accessible, and the importance of the HDGECP activity will ensure that a greater attention to this area of study will transpire in the future. The sooner these discussion begin, the better. Social scientists would benefit greatly from the creation of data packages that contain base-line measures that are widely used from surveys that are known to be methodologically sound. Social scientists are perhaps less likely than natural scientists to possess the skills or motivation to do their own programming and detailed data preparation. CIESIN could accelerate the development of a cadre of interested and skilled social science researchers on environmental matters by supporting the identification of the greatest data needs of these users and providing them data in a highly processed and neatly packaged format, preferably with direct electronic access and with the appropriate software easily available. Particularly in the beginning phases, everything should be as user-friendly as possible. The Working Group proposed here would be a viable vehicle for designing these packages in collaboration with CIESIN. Furthermore, the data archives represented in this group possess a clientele and a means of reaching it that should be very useful to CIESIN. We strongly recommend that CIESIN use these existing networks as one of the ways of identifying, expanding, contacting and serving this social science clientele. Further, through the network of social scientists from over fifty countries and represented in the membership of WAPOR, who are already interested in survey research and work to an agreed Code of Practice, CIESIN has already entered into the world of survey research and can tap into this network for access to data, expertise and dissemination of information to a worldwide community of survey researchers. Role of the International Social Science Council While the ISSC cannot be directly involved in the proposed research, it encouraged its development and is committed to facilitating the dissemination of the proposed research results. Whatever work is undertaken should be with the knowledge and support of both the International Social Science Research Council (ISSC) and of the World Association for Public Opinion Research (WAPOR). Further, it is strongly urged that interim and final reports of working parties and task forces be reported back to these international bodies as well as to the ISSC Executive and its Human Dimensions of Global Environmental Change Program, as they are the bodies from whence initiative for the Human Dimensions of Global Environmental Change Program springs and to whose members the results of such work are most productively reported. Appendices ¥ Page 31 Ñ Jerome M. Clubb, ICPSR ARCHIVES, ÒICPSR Data Holdings and Research on the Social Dimensions of Global ChangeÓ ¥ Page 42 Ñ Paul de Guchteneire, STEINMETZ ARCHIVES, ÒDutch Contribution to the International Inventory of Survey Data on Global Environmental ChangeÓ ¥ Page 44 Ñ Bjorn Henrichsen, NSD ARCHIVES, ÒAttitudes toward Environmental Issues in Norway,Ó NSD ¥ Page 46 Ñ Marcela Miguel, MISC. ARCHIVES, ÒLevel One Inventory of Surveys Containing Questions Relating to the EnvironmentÓ ¥ Page 49 Ñ Ronald Milavsky and Christian Donahue, ROPER CENTER ARCHIVES, ÒIndex to Environment Questions in the Poll Database of the Roper Center for Public Opinion ResearchÓ ¥ Page 52 Ñ Eric Tanenbaum, ESRC ARCHIVES, ÒESRC Survey Data Catalogue and Indexes on the EnvironmentÓ ¥ Page 61 Ñ Robert M. Worcester, MORI ARCHIVES, ÒLevel Two Inventory Questions relating to the Environment undertaken for the WWF and othersÓ ¥ Page 73 Ñ Tom W. Smith and Frederick D. Weil, ÒFinding Public Opinion Data: A Guide to Sources,Ó Public Opinion Quarterly, Volume 54:609-626, 1990.107 ¥ Page 91 Ñ Humphrey Taylor, ÒQuestionnaire on Public and Leadership Attitudes to the Environment,Ó Louis Harris Ñ UNEP Survey, 1988. ¥ Page 108 Ñ Robert M. Worcester, ÒMORI International Questionnaire for Research into Public Attitudes to the EnvironmentÓ ¥ Page 131 Ñ European Commission, ÒEurobarometer QuestionnaireÓ ICPSR ARCHIVES Contribution from Professor JEROME M. CLUBB ÒICPSR Data Holdings and Research on the Social Dimensions of Global ChangeÓ (Disk 1) This disk contains mainly Level One (but some frequency data at level two) of mainly US data plus the complete Eurobarometer collection. ICPSR DATA HOLDINGS AND RESEARCH ON THE SOCIAL DIMENSION OF GLOBAL CHANGE Preliminary assessment suggests that the holdings of the Inter-university Consortium for Political and Social Research (ICPSR) undoubtedly include extensive data relevant directly or indirectly to research concerned with the attitudinal and behavioral dimensions of the various issues Ð the environment, the ecology, resource use, and so on Ð that might be summarized under the general heading Òsocial dimensions of global change.Ó On the other hand, that assessment also suggests that substantial costs would be confronted in developing anything approaching a comprehensive inventory of relevant data. Significant additional costs would be encountered if the effort was extended to include systematic assessment of the likely research value of the data. To make such an enterprise fully productive would require that considerable further effort be devoted to more specific and systematic definition of the issues, questions and goals that comprise this research domain. These issues are summarized in the following section. Subsequent sections discuss the results of a preliminary assessment of the holdings. An Appendix lists a sampling of data collections that appear relevant to this general area of research. It should be clear that data referred to in the following pages and in the Appendix fall far short of a complete inventory of relevant data included in the ICPSR holdings. It should also be clear that some of the data referred to below and in the Appendix may prove on closer examination to be without value for research in this general area. Data Holdings and Reference Resources Difficulties in developing an inventory and assessment of relevant data holdings result from the diversity and magnitude of ICPSR data holdings, and the nature of available reference resources. The data holdings currently include over 2,000 data collections amounting to some 30,000 discrete data files. The number of variables included in the holdings runs well into the millions. The term data collection is, unfortunately, quite misleading. The collections range from those with a few dozen variables and a few hundred cases, to those that include several thousand variables and millions of cases. To illustrate the point, the twenty waves of the Panel Study of Income Dynamics with over 7,000 cases and almost 14,000 variables is also counted as a single collection as are the data from the seventeen waves of the General Social Survey. Intellectual control over the holdings is provided in three primary ways. Over 3,000 computer-readable and/or hard copy codebooks, some of them in multiple volumes, provide detailed descriptions of the collections and their component variables, as well as affording technical information on data collection and sampling procedures, storage formats, size, and the like. Descriptions of the substantive and technical characteristics of all data holdings are provided in the ICPSR Guide to Resources and Services which is published annually. The Guide is also maintained on-line and updated on a quarterly basis. The ÒGuide On LineÓ can be searched in various ways, including full text, using the Stanford Public Information Retrieval System (SPIRES). The full text of all questions from approximately 160 surveys are included in a second on-line database (the ÒVariablesÓ database). The text, and often the marginals, for some 68,000 questions are included. This database can also be searched on-line in various ways including full text. The database includes many of the most widely used surveys, usually serial or multiple wave surveys, from among the ICPSR holdings. However, it includes only a subset of the data collections for which computer-readable code books are available. Many widely used data collections do not have computer-readable code books and are not included in this database. Each of these reference resources has limitations. Obviously, the collection of code books provides the most comprehensive information about the holdings. While the prospect of a manual search of the code books is daunting, extensive use of code books would be necessary for a reasonably thorough identification of data bearing upon environmental, resource, ecological and related issues. The Guide to Resources, particularly in its on-line form, is significantly easier to use. However, it also has serious limitations. The textual study descriptions included in the Guide emphasize the issues and topics that constitute the central and primary foci of the various data collections. Secondary foci are much less frequently mentioned. Unfortunately, it appears that relatively few data collections included in the holdings have environmental and global change issues as primary foci or even as major secondary foci. Preliminary effort indicates that a significant number of data collections do include important questions and variables relevant to global change issues but which are not reflected in study descriptions. The variables database remedies some of the limitations of the Guide, but it too has serious limitations. The most obvious is its limited scope. A further limitation may be less obvious. Surveys usually make extensive use of unobtrusive measures which do not involve obvious keywords. Global change issues are, in other words, not always referred to directly. Hence, simple full text searchers are likely to miss important questions. An adequate inventory of data relevant to global change issues would require, in short, detailed examination of large numbers of code books. In many cases, even that examination would not be sufficient. Rather, some manipulation of the actual data, usually calculation of marginal values, would be necessary to assess likely research utility. Preliminary Assessment Limited and superficial assessment indicates that ICPSR holdings include data that appear to bear upon a variety of issues relevant to research on the social dimensions of global change. For want of better terms these can be grouped somewhat arbitrarily under four general headings: 1. Land use and population distribution 2. Regulatory activities 3. Resource consumption 4. Information and attitudinal responses The first two of these categories are outside the present assignment; the third is at best marginal; and all three can be passed over quickly. The fourth issue requires more extended discussion. The word ÒappearsÓ must be stressed. Closer examination might show that some of the data collections considered on the following page only appear relevant to global change issues. The collections referred to is certainly not exhaustive. Definitions of research issues in this general area undoubtedly also vary. The attempt here is to employ a broad definition of these issues. A different definition would lead to different conclusions. A sampling of available data collections is given in the following sections and in an attached appendix. Heavy emphasis is placed upon data collections that involve multiple comparative waves and which would allow comparisons and identification of trends over time. Land Use and Population Distribution Probably the most obvious data for social research in this general area are provided by national censuses and other similar enumerations. The ICPSR data holdings include extensive data from the United States Censuses of Population and Housing for 1970 and 1980 and data from the 1990 Census is being acquired. These data are organized at various levels of organization from such small units as city blocks, enumeration districts, through counties and states. The data bear, of course, upon numerous issues beyond land use and population distribution, including energy consumption and characteristics of housing. In addition to data from these three decennial censuses, the holdings include materials from various interim enumerations such as the Current Population Surveys. Data from earlier decennial censuses of the United States from 1960 back to the first in 1790 are also included in the holdings. Much of this historical census data is organized at the level of counties and permits examination of population distribution and redistribution as well as broad patterns of land and resource use. Additional data in this category is provided by the Bureau of the Census County and City Data Books which provide extensive economic as well as demographic data. Consortium holdings include computer-readable data from this source from 1944 through 1988. ICPSR holdings in this data category are largely limited to the United States. However, the holdings include extensive census data for France in the nineteenth and the earlier twentieth century through the 1920s. The holdings include as well, very limited data of this sort for several other countries. Regulatory Activities Large investments of money and human energies are invested in regulatory activities concerned with such matters as environmental protection, resource use, management and conservation, waste and sewage disposal, utilities regulation, and so on. Much of this investment is made by state and local agencies of government. Expenditures for these purposes vary widely across the nation and over time. For research purposes, the expenditure and employment trends and patterns reflected in these data might be taken as indicators of the nature and degree of concern for environmental issues and assignment of priorities to these concerns as opposed to others. The obvious source of data for these purposes is the Annual Survey of Governments conducted by the United States Bureau of the Census. These collections include data on assets, expenditures, and employment Ð by function and purpose Ð for states, counties, municipalities, and school and special districts. The Annual Surveys provide data for samples of such units. The sample range in size from approximately 15,000 to 20,000 governmental units. Every fifth year, a Census of Governments replaces the Annual Survey. In these Censuses the same data is collected as in the Surveys but on a comprehensive basis. Each of the quinquennial census provide data for over 7,500 governmental units. The ICPSR holdings include complete computer-readable data for all Surveys and Censuses of Governments for 1962 through 1987, and will hold later years when available. The holdings include additional data bearing upon regulatory activities. A less obvious collection that may be relevant to research in this area is comprised of the voting records of the United States Congress. The holdings include all roll call votes recorded in both chambers of Congress from 1789 to the present. Detailed descriptions of the issues and subject of each roll call vote during the last twenty years are maintained on-line and can be subjected to full text and other forms of search. This resource could be used to examine support and opposition to relevant issues by United States Representatives and Senators. Resource Consumption While outside the immediate assignment, resource consumption and waste production and disposal are also areas for research into the social dimensions and responses to global change. For these purposes, the data provided by the continuing series of Consumer Expenditure Surveys, conducted by the Bureau of Labor Statistics is likely to be of relevance. Each of these surveys was intended to develop a comprehensive picture of the purchasing and consumption patterns of American families. ICPSR holdings include complete computer- readable data from the Surveys for 1888, 1918, 1935, 1960-61, 1972-73, 1980-81, 1982-83, 1984, 1985, 1986, and 1987. Data for subsequent waves of the Survey will be added to the holdings when released by the BLS. Taken in combination, these data provide an opportunity to examine changes in consumption patterns across an extended period. A different perspective on resource consumption and waste disposal is provided by the series of Annual Housing Surveys (renamed American Housing Survey in 1984) conducted by the Bureau of the Census. The Surveys provide data on the kinds and magnitude of household energy consumption, various household characteristics, and sewage and waste disposal. The ÒTravel to WorkÓ files which are part of the survey provide information concerning distance of travel to work and whether public transportation, car pools, or individual automobiles were employed. Data from the Surveys of 1973 through 1987 are available, and data for more recent years will be released shortly. A still different perspective on these issues is provided by data from Taylor and Hudson, The World Handbook of Social and Economic Indicators III, 1948-1982. This collection provides data and rates of change for 155 countries during the period in question. Included are data bearing upon energy consumption and coal, gas, oil reserves and production. An effort to update the collection through the 1980s is now nearing completion. A variety of other surveys of consumption patterns and factors that affect them are also included in the holdings. Among these is the continuing Survey of Consumer Attitudes and Behavior conducted quarterly and, more recently, monthly since 1953. This survey is discussed again in the following section. It provides a further opportunity for research into changing consumption patterns. Data for the Surveys from 1953 through 1986, documented in over 130 code books, are included in the ICPSR archive. The Survey is continuing and additional waves will be added to the archive in the future. Attitudes and Information Data files discussed in this section are much more nearly relevant to the specific committee assignment. Even here, however, definitions of relevant research issues and questions undoubtedly vary from one individual to the other. For the present effort the goal has been to identify data that could be used to address questions of the following sort: What kinds of people and what segments of relevant populations are informed of issues and problems of resource depletion, pollution, ecological loss and hazards, and so on? What is the level and nature of their information? How did they become informed? What is the nature of their response? For example, are they concerned? Why and how did they become concerned? What importance and priority do they assign to these issues and problems? What sacrifices would they be willing to make to avoid these problems or to implement solutions? How have these attitudes and responses changed over time? These questions lead to a further question: How can people be persuaded to discontinue certain patterns of behavior and adopt others? Once again, the present effort emphasizes continuing collections that would support longitudinal and cross temporal inquiry. The first conclusion that a preliminary assessment supports is that the ICPSR holdings include relatively few surveys that have these issues as primary foci. The Eurobarometers stand out as an exception. Several of these surveys, particularly among the more recent, focus primarily upon environmental, resource, and ecological issues, and many of the others include questions relevant to these issues. For the Unites States, three surveys bearing upon reactions to energy crisis and federal energy policies were conducted in the late 1970s. A variety of studies concerned with recreational, particularly outdoor, undoubtedly include relevant data. Some of the studies conducted collaboratively by ABC News/Washington Post and CBS News/New York Times also focus upon relevant issues. While it appears that relatively few ICPSR data collections focus primarily upon environmental and related issues, many do include larger or smaller numbers of questions that would be useful for research purposes. In some respects these ÒembeddedÓ questions may have particular value since they allow exploration of the relationship between environmental and related issues, on the one hand, and other issues and concerns, on the other. In these terms the biannual Eurobarometers stand out as a particular potential value. As noted above, some of these surveys focus primarily upon issues of concern here and many others include more or less extended batteries of questions relevant to these issues. Their geographical coverage and temporal reach (1970 to the present) make them particularly important. The various national election studies also promise to be of value, to the degree, that is, that they include questions bearing upon environmental and related issues. They include continuing series of such studies for Britain, Canada, Denmark, Germany, the Netherlands, Norway, Sweden and the United States conducted across the 1970s and 80s and in some instances the 1950s and 60s. These collections would be of particular value to the degree they allow assessment of the relationship between environmental and other issues, the perceived positions of political parties, the positions of rank and file party identifies with respect to such issues, assessments of the gravity of such problems, and evaluations of government policies and actions. As suggested above, the various ÒmediaÓ surveys often include questions eliciting responses and assessments bearing upon relevant issues. The ABC News/Washington Post have been conducted from 1981 to the present, and the CBS News/New York Times Polls from 1976 to the present. Still other series are also of potential values. Monitoring the Future is an annual survey, beginning in 1976, of national samples of high school seniors. The surveys include questions on values, lifestyle and attitudes toward national problems including, each year, questions, bearing upon pollution and other national problems. Thus the series allows comparison of the attitudes of a crucial population group across an extended period. Other continuing series also require mention, although their content has not been assessed. Among these is the General Social Survey (1972 to the present) which at least in some waves includes relevant questions. As suggested above, at least some of the waves of the Survey of Consumer Attitudes and Behavior include data bearing upon issues of concern. The surveys have as one of their primary foci identification of factors that influence consumer purchasing decisions. Included among these in some cases at least are questions bearing upon the relevance of such considerations as pollution and energy consumption and conservation to purchasing decisions. To determine the actual value of these surveys would require extensive examination of code books and, at least in some cases, calculation of marginal values. Concluding Comments The preceding discussion and the attached appendix report the results of a highly superficial preliminary assessment of ICPSR data holdings relevant to the social dimensions and response to problems of global change. As suggested above, a fully adequate assessment would require manual investigation of code books and in many instances calculation of marginal values would also be necessary. A further requirement would be substantially better definition of and agreement upon the component issues and questions that make up this broad research topic. Although this discussion goes beyond the specific committee assignment, it by no means exhausts the issues that might be seen as relevant and the data holdings bearing upon those issues. As one example, the ICPSR includes a very large number of data collections bearing upon health and epidemiology. These include the extended series of Health and Nutrition Examination Surveys and the Health Interview Surveys, among others, which might be used to trace fluctuations in the incidence of environmentally related diseases and disorders. Similarly, the Mortality Detail File provides comprehensive information on registered deaths including cause, geographical location, and personal characteristics. These files raise the obvious possibility of plotting the incidence of death due to environmentally related causes. The holdings include data for 1968 through 1985 and acquisition of data for 1986 to the present is planned. Examples of the format and type of data available are indicated on the following pages. ICPSR 09083 EURO-BAROMETER 29: ENVIRONMENTAL PROBLEMS AND CANCER, MARCH- APRIL 1988 Reif, Karlheinz, and Anna Melich. SERIES TITLE: THE EUROBAROMETER SURVEY SERIES The major focuses of this Eurobarometer survey are the environment and personal health. Opinions were sought on environmental issues such as nuclear accidents and radioactivity, pollution, and conservation of natural resources, as well as on the activities surrounding the European Year of the Environment. Health-related issues focused on cancer: smoking, knowledge and views regarding the causes of cancer, the extent of its occurrence in society, and medical recommendations for its early detection and prevention. Respondents were also asked if they had undergone medical examinations to screen for cancer. Women were questioned about specific kinds of cancer detection examinations as well. Other health-related items concerned dietary regimens and sports activities. In addition, respondents were asked about political party preferences, life satisfactions, views on national goals and national achievements, and attitudes toward the Economic Community and its policies, especially the Economic CommunityÕs Common Agricultural Policy, the European Parliament, the creation of the single common market in 1992, and use of daylight savings time. The data include demographic, socioeconomic, and geographic information on respondents. The data collection was compiled or derived from the following sources: personal interviews. Universe: persons aged 15 and over residing in the 12 member nations of the European Community: Belgium, Denmark, France, Greece, Ireland, Italy, Luxembourg, the Netherlands, Portugal, Spain, United Kingdom and West Germany (including West Berlin). Sampling: Multistage probability samples and stratified quota samples. Class I. EXTENT OF COLLECTION: 1 data file + machine-readable documentation + SPSS Control Cards. ICPSR 09144 CBS NEWS/NEW YORK TIMES MONTHLY POLL, SEPTEMBER 1988 CBS News/The New York Times. This data collection is part of the a continuing series of monthly surveys that evaluates the Reagan presidency and solicits opinions on a variety of political and social issues. Topics covered include the national economy, protection of the environment, toxic and hazardous wastes, air pollution, and other important environmental problems such as acid rain, strip mining and water conservation. RespondentsÕ attitudes toward drug addiction, people with AIDS, and requiring public schoolteachers to lead students in the pledge of allegiance also were included. STUDY NO = 07822; INVESTIGATOR = Market Opinion Research. TITLE = WORLD ISSUES SURVEY, 1979 SUMMARY = This telephone survey of 1,200 Americans was conducted in November and December of 1979. There are 185 variables in this release of the data. The study focused on perceptions of world issues. Questions were asked regarding world hunger, global distribution of resources, including energy, emerging global priorities, social welfare versus military spending and perceptions of the impact of these issues on the individual respondent and his family. Demographic data were collected on age, education, family status, race and ethnicity, religion, income, and travel experience of respondents. The data are available in OSIRIS or card image formats. VARIABLE ID: 08616000100176 ICPSR STUDY NAME: EURO-BAROMETER 25: HOLIDAY TRAVEL AND ENVIRON-MENTAL PROBLEMS, APRIL 1986. ICPSR STUDY NUMBER: 8616. DATASET NUMBER: 0001. TIME-PERIOD: 1986. VARIABLE NUMBER: 176. VARIABLE NAME: DAMAGE SERIOUS-ALL ENVR. VARIABLE DESCRIPTION: Q.178(D). DAMAGE TO ENVIRONMENT Ð DOES R THINK ... ANY SPECIFIC POLLUTION OF WATER, AIR, OR THE LAND, PUTS AT RISK OUR WHOLE NATURAL BACKGROUND OR ENVIRONMENT Q.178. FOR COMPLETE QUESTION TEXT Q.178. IN WHAT WAY DOES DAMAGE TO THE ENVIRONMENT APPEAR SERIOUS TO YOU? (SHOW LIST, TWO ANSWERS ONLY). VARIABLE CODES: 0. NOT MENTIONED 1. MENTIONED VARIABLE FREQUENCIES: 0. 1. FRA 570 433 BEL 672 335 NL 578 423 GER 588 399 ITA 622 480 LUX 167 132 DEN 690 353 IRE 724 278 UK 763 616 GRE 753 247 SPA 728 280 POR 739 261 VARIABLE ID: 08616000100166 ICPSR STUDY NAME: EURO-BAROMETER 25: HOLIDAY TRAVEL AND ENVIRONMENTAL PROBLEMS, APRIL 1986. ICPSR STUDY NUMBER: 8616. DATASET NUMBER: 0001. TIME-PERIOD: 1986. VARIABLE NUMBER: 166. VARIABLE NAME: DAMAGE ENVIRON-VEHICLES. VARIABLE DESCRIPTION: Q.177(E). DAMAGE TO THE ENVIRONMENT ... VEHICLES THAT POLLUTE THE AIR. Q.177. FOR COMPLETE TEXT Q.177. WHEN WE TALK ABOUT POSSIBLE DAMAGE TO THE ENVIRONMENT, WHAT DO YOU THINK OF ABOVE ALL? WOULD YOU PLEASE CHOOSE FROM THIS LIST, THE THREE THINGS THAT COME IMMEDIATELY TO MIND? (SHOW LIST, MAXIMUM THREE ANSWERS). VARIABLE CODES: 0. NOT MENTIONED 1. MENTIONED VARIABLE FREQUENCIES: 0. 1. FRA 829 174 BEL 741 266 NL 786 216 GER 699 288 ITA 837 265 LUX 224 75 DEN 975 68 IRE 803 199 UK 1168 211 GRE 677 323 SPA 711 297 POR 727 273 VARIABLE ID: 08616000100164 ICPSR STUDY NAME: EURO-BAROMETER 25: HOLIDAY TRAVEL AND ENVIRONMENTAL PROBLEMS, APRIL 1986. ICPSR STUDY NUMBER: 8616. Data set NUMBER: 0001. TIME PERIOD: 1986. VARIABLE NUMBER: 164. VARIABLE NAME: DAMAGE ENVIRON-FACTORY. VARIABLE DESCRIPTION: Q.177(C). DAMAGE TO THE ENVIRONMENT ... FACTORIES THAT DISCHARGE DANGEROUS CHEMICAL PRODUCTS INTO THE AIR OR WATER. Q.177. FOR COMPLETE QUESTION TEXT Q.177. WHEN WE TALK ABOUT POSSIBLE DAMAGE TO THE ENVIRONMENT, WHAT DO YOU THINK OF ABOVE ALL? WOULD YOU PEASE CHOOSE FROM THIS LIST, THE THREE THINGS THAT COME IMMEDIATELY TO MIND? (SHOW LIST, MAXIMUM THREE ANSWERS). VARIABLE CODES: 0. NOT MENTIONED 1. MENTIONED VARIABLE FREQUENCIES: 0. 1. FRA 384 619 BEL 483 524 NL 298 703 GER 302 685 ITA 599 503 LUX 78 221 DEN 261 782 IRE 433 569 UK 571 808 GRE 455 545 SPA 470 538 POR 466 534 STEINMETZ ARCHIVES Contribution from Professor PAUL DE GUCHTENEIRE, President IFDO ÒDutch contribution to the International Inventory of Survey Data on Global Environmental Change,Ó February 1991. (Disk 2) This disk contains a Level One inventory of the holdings of the Steinmetz Archives which include mainly surveys conducted among the general public in The Netherlands. Examples of the format and type of data available are indicated below: selection:15======[1:68]===record no:70 STUDYNR P0070 TITLE Miliecubesef | Environment and pollution INVESTG Nederlandse stichting voor statistiek * Den Haag KINDDAT survey LANGMAT english, dutch NCASES 2036 THEMES Experiences of, and attitude towards pollution of the environment / attitude to nature / causes and prevention of pollution selection:15======[2:68]===record no:94 STUDYNR P0094 TITLE Automobilisme | Attitudes towards the car INVESTG NSS nv v/h Nederlandse stichting voor de statistiek * Den Haag KINDDAT survey LANGMAT english, dutch NCASES 1500 THEMES Opinions regarding the use of a private car / own car versus public transport / attitude to the car / the road system / parking problems / attitude to road-tax / the car in the city centre / attitude to pollution by cars. selection:15======[68:68]===record no:993 STUDYNR P0993 TITLE Political action: tweede golf and, West-Duitsland, Verenigde Staten | Political action II INVESTG Allerbeck, K.R. | Kaase, M. | University of Mannheim * Mannheim, Germany | Klingemann, H.D. | Free University of Berlin * Berlin, Germany | Heunks, F.J. | Stouthard, Ph.C. | Katholieke Universiteit Brabant * Tilburg | Thomassen, J.J.A. | Deth, J.W. van | Universiteit Twenthe * Enschede | Barnes, S.H. | Farah, B. | Inglehart, R. | Jennings, K. | University of Michigan * Ann Arbor, MI, USA KINDDAT survey / international LANGMAT research instrument: different languages | codebook: english | SPSSX-labels: english | study-description: english NCASES 6682 THEMES Cross-national study of conventional and unconventional forms of political participation, personal satisfaction and deprivation / life problems and how to cope with them / political interest / perception of privileged and underprivileged groups / policy satisfaction for specific issues: terrorism, nuclear power, income differences, agencies, energy problem, role of government, position of women, abortion, employment, pollution / basic view of society / civic competence on local and national level / left-right self-placement / meaning of left and right / ranking of important goals materialist value orientation / performance of present government / good and bad aspects of political parties / sympathy for different social groups / legitimacy of the political system / approval of protest behavior / participation in protest behavior / approval of repressive government action / political efficacy and system responsiveness / attitude towards young people / political trust. NSD ARCHIVES Contribution from Professor BJORN HENRICHSEN, Director, Norwegian Social Science Data Centre ÒAttitudes towards Environmental Issues in Norway,Ó NSD, November 1990. (Disk 3) This disk contains a Level Two inventory of the holdings of the NSD Archives which include mainly surveys conducted among the general public in Norway. The inventory is in Norwegian, but translation of key words (see ESRC, below), enables cross searching to be done to identify relevant data sets for further examination. Examples of format and type of data available are indicated below. G6708003 kologi: Forspling problem Bilister og andre kaster fra seg sppel og avfall langs veiene. Mener De at det br gires noe for # f# stanset dette, eller mener De at det er lettvint og naturlig # kaste fra seg slikt p# veikanten og p# rasteplassene? Svarfordeling: 0 Br ikke 2.8% 1 Br gires noe 97.23% Utvalg: 1625. Inkludert i tabell: 1606. Utelatt 19. Data fra Norsk Gallup Institutt A/S, August 1967 G6708004 kologi: Sppelboks hjelper mot forspl. Mener De at det ville bli mindre avfall langs veiene hvis det ikke var langt mellom papirkurver eller avfallsposer, eller mener De at det er s# lettvint # slenge fra seg avfall at papirkurver ikke ville hjelpe noe synderlig> Svarfordeling: 0 Ville ikke hjelpe 31.7% 1 Ville bli mindre 68.3% Utvalg: 1625. Inkludert i tabell: 1593. Utelatt 32. Data fra Norsk Gallup Institutt A/S, August 1967. G6708005 Trafikklov mot forspling langs veiene Mener De at det burde innarbeides bestemmelser mot kasting av sppel og avfall langs veiene i selve trafikkloven eller ville De v%re mot det? Svarfordeling: 0 Mot 13.1% 1 For 86.9% Utvalg: 1625. Inkludert i tabell: 1536. Utelatt 89. Data fra Norsk Gallup Institutt A/S, August 1967. MISC ARCHIVES Contribution from Professor MARCELA MIGUEL ÒLevel One Inventory of Surveys Containing Questions Relating to the Environment,Ó March 1991. (Disk 4) This disk contains Level One identification of Roper (see below) and other WAPOR-member contributed data sets. There are two files: 1. Env.dfb This file is a dbase III plus file containing information on environmental surveys 2. Report.txt This file is an ASCII file of the above database. Examples of the format and type of data available are indicated below. SOURCE: ROPER ORGANIZATION UNIVERSE: UNITED STATES POPULATION: 3536 DATE: 10/22/45 SOURCE: NATIONAL OPINION RESEARCH UNIVERSE: UNITED STATES POPULATION: 1244 DATE: 12/01/45 SOURCE: UNESCO INSTITUT FUER SOZIAL WISSENSCHAFTEN UNIVERSE: WEST GERMANY POPULATION: 3246 DATE: 07/01/53 SOURCE: OPINION RESEARCH CORPORATION UNIVERSE: UNITED STATES POPULATION: 564 DATE: 08/23/54 SOURCE: GALLUP UNIVERSE: UNITED STATES POPULATION: 1503 DATE: 01/23/69 SOURCE: MORI UNIVERSE: GREAT BRITAIN POPULATION: 2203 DATE: 07/01/69 SOURCE: LOUIS HARRIS & ASSOCIATES UNIVERSE: UNITED STATES POPULATION: 1600 DATE: 02/01/70 SOURCE: OPINION RESEARCH CORPORATION UNIVERSE: UNITED STATES POPULATION: 2168 DATE: 05/18/70 SOURCE: OPINION RESEARCH CORPORATION UNIVERSE: UNITED STATES POPULATION: 2168 DATE: 05/18/70 SOURCE: SOCIAL SCIENCE RESEARCH COUNCIL SURVEY UNIT UNIVERSE: GREAT BRITAIN POPULATION: 586 DATE: 07/01/70 SOURCE: LOUIS HARRIS & ASSOCIATES UNIVERSE: UNITED STATES POPULATION: 1600 DATE: 08/01/70 SOURCE: LOUIS HARRIS & ASSOCIATES UNIVERSE: UNITED STATES POPULATION: 1600 DATE: 08/01/70 SOURCE: GALLUP UNIVERSE: UNITED STATES POPULATION: 1507 DATE: 10/09/70 SOURCE: LOUIS HARRIS & ASSOCIATES UNIVERSE: UNITED STATES POPULATION: 1600 DATE: 11/01/70 SOURCE: LOUIS HARRIS & ASSOCIATES UNIVERSE: UNITED STATES POPULATION: 1600 DATE: 01/01/71 ROPER CENTER ARCHIVES Contribution from Professor RONALD MILAVSKI and CHRISTIAN DONAHUE ÒIndex to Environment Questions in the Poll Database of the Roper Center for Public Opinion Research,Ó March 1991. (Disk 5) This disk contains Level One identification of Roper Center Data. It is organized by topic, as illustrated below. Topics: Environment and Animals 8 Total Questions Released On: 12/11/78 Interview Date: 07/07/78 Survey Firm: BUREAU OF SOCIAL SCIENCE RESEARCH Number of Questions: 1 Released On: 12/Ñ/82 Interview Date: 06/Ñ/82 Survey Firm: LOUIS HARRIS & ASSOCIATES Number of Questions: 2 Released On: 10/Ñ/89 Interview Date: 09/22/89 Survey Firm: KANE, PARSON & ASSOCIATES Number of Questions: 1 Released On: 11/Ñ/89 Interview Date: 11/17/89 Survey Firm: LOS ANGELES TIMES Number of Questions: 3 Released On: 08/Ñ/90 Interview Date: 06/24/90 Survey Firm: MARTILLA & KILEY AND MARKET STRATEGIES Number of Questions: 1 Topics: Environment and Business 301 Total Questions Released On: 01/Ñ/55 Interview Date: 08/23/54 Survey Firm: OPINION RESEARCH CORPORATION Number of Questions: 1 Released On: 04/Ñ/62 Interview Date: 01/Ñ62 Survey Firm: OPINION RESEARCH CORPORATION Number of Questions: 1 Topics: Environment and Disasters 33 Total Questions Released On: 06/Ñ/77 Interview Date: 06/04/77 Survey Firm: ROPER ORGANIZATION Number of Questions: 1 Released On: 09/Ñ/82 Interview Date: 08/12/82 Survey Firm: OPINION RESEARCH CORPORATION Number of Questions: 1 Released On: 03/Ñ/85 Interview Date: 03/22/85 Survey Firm: OPINION RESEARCH CORPORATION Number of Questions: 4 Released On: 09/19/85 Interview Date: 09/17/85 Survey Firm: YANKELOVICH, SKELLY & WHITE Number of Questions: 5 Released On: 05/Ñ/88 Interview Date: 05/04/88 Survey Firm: LOUIS HARRIS & ASSOCIATES Number of Questions: 1 Released On: 07/11/88 Interview Date: 07/05/88 Survey Firm: CBS NEWS/NEW YORK TIMES Number of Questions: 1 Topics: Environment and Elections 33 Total Questions Released On: 10/14/70 Interview Date: 10/09/70 Survey Firm: GALLUP ORGANIZATION Number of Questions: 1 Released On: 09/18/75 Interview Date: 09/Ñ/75 Survey Firm: LOUIS HARRIS & ASSOCIATES Number of Questions: 3 ESRC ARCHIVES Contribution from Professor ERIC TANENBAUM ÒESRC Survey Data Catalogue and Indexes on the Environment,Ó November 1990. (Disk 6) Catalogue of Environmental Data in the Archive, ÒESRC Data Archive Bulletin,Ó Spring 1991 The recent implementation of the ArchiveÕs information retrieval system BIRON on a SUN SPARCstation, plus enhancements to our networking and file transfer facilities, has improved our ability to provide special-purpose catalogues of data at short notice. Although the mechanics of the production of special catalogues require some streamlining, including setting up desk-top publishing routines for output, the Archive has a unique ability to trawl through its quite considerable body of metadata for highly specific subjects and to output detailed information, including multiple indexes, about each relevant dataset. Selecting the datasets The first decision concerned the level of the search for data on environmental matters. Did we want only those datasets which were concerned primarily with environmental subjects, or did we want to make a compete search of all our data to retrieve datasets with even one or a very few variables on the environment? The former would have entailed a search by subject category notation. The notation is represented by the Roman numeral. Each dataset description has one or more such categories and selecting a particular subject category would produce a list of all datasets which have been classified by that notation. This is a broad classification however, and would not yield those datasets which have a few, perhaps very relevant, variables about the environment. We decided that we wanted everything, and therefore we chose to search on the thesaurus and the subject index. Using the Thesaurus to select relevant keywords The Thesaurus is a list of keywords which may be arranged in a variety of ways to ensure that the indexer, initially, and then the searcher can locate the keyword which is most appropriate to the search. Each keyword can be seen with its associated terms: narrower terms (NT), broader terms (BT), and related terms (RT). Two examples follow: ACID RAIN E35.05 [6] 1 BTPOLLUTION 2 WATER POLLUTION 3 TTDETERIORATION 4 ENVIRONMENTAL CHANGES 5 RTAIR POLLUTION 6 PRECIPITATION AGRICULTURAL NOISE S07.10.30 [1] ESRC 1 BTACOUSTICS 2 AMENITIES DESTRUCTION 3 NOISE 4 TTDETERIORATION 5 ENVIRONMENTAL CHANGES 6 PROPERTIES 7 RTAGRICULTURE Alternatively, keywords may be seen in classified display, an excerpt from which is shown below. Here the unique notation for each term brings the terms together in a broad hierarchical display. 1 ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCES** 2 E03/05ENVIRONMENT 3 E05NATURAL ENVIRONMENT 4 E10/29ECOLOGY 5 E12.20HABITATS 6 E20.30 ANIMAL BEHAVIOR 7 E20.30.10ANIMAL MIGRATION 8 E21HUMAN ECOLOGY 9 E24ENVIRONMENTAL CHANGES 10 E24.10.10BIOLOGICAL CONTROL 11 E30/49ENVIRONMENTAL DETERIORATION 12 E31/49POLLUTION 13 E32AIR POLLUTION 14 E32.70SMOKE 15 E32.72FUMES 16 E35WATER POLLUTION 17 E35.05ACID RAIN 18 E35.10OIL POLLUTION 19 E35.50MARINE POLLUTION 20 E38.10SOIL POLLUTION 21 E41INDUSTRIAL POLLUTION 22 E44POLLUTANTS etc. Other listings such as Keywords in Context (KWIC) indexes and hierarchical displays based on the Broader/Narrower relationship are also available to assist the user in the selection of keywords. We decided, for the purpose of this catalogue to select from the classified display, the whole of the Environmental Sciences Section, with the exception of a few terms associated with municipal environmental services, plus the larger part of the Human Environment Section. This selection gave us approximately 300 keywords to use in searching the indexes. Selecting from the Keyword Indexes The list of keywords was used to select study descriptions which had been tagged with those keywords during the indexing phase of data management. Each studyÕs documentation is minutely examined by a trained indexer, who compares the language of the documentationÕs description of each variable with the language of the thesaurus and records the appropriate thesaural descriptor in a way which associates it with the study number. As well as choosing and recording the appropriate keywords, she also puts in an indicator, for each keyword, of whether it is used in a factual for an attitudinal sense. The thesaurus also holds geographical descriptors, so that the area of fieldwork is entered with an indicator to distinguish this from geographical descriptors used to convey attitudes to particular countries. Dates of fieldwork are also entered to enable studies to be selected in time bands if required. When creating this catalogue, we decided not to use the delimiting power of the geographical descriptors or dates, but to choose all datasets with any of the 300 selected keywords, regardless of area or date. The search resulted in 306 dataset numbers. The list of keyword was saved and sorted to form the keyword index to the publication, while the dataset numbers were used to retrieve the full study descriptions from the Study Description Database. Selecting the Study Descriptions Each dataset within the ArchiveÕs holdings is described under the standard headings listed on the following pages. 1 STUDY NUMBER 2 TITLE 3 SUBJECT CATEGORY 4 DEPOSITORS 5 PRINCIPAL INVESTIGATORS 6 DATA COLLECTORS 7 RESEARCH INITIATORS 8 SPONSORS 9 OTHER ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS 10 ABSTRACT 11 UNIVERSE SAMPLED 12 NUMBER OF UNITS 13 DIMENSIONS 14 KIND OF DATA 15 DATA SOURCES 16 UNITS OF OBSERVATION 17 TIME DIMENSIONS 18 SAMPLING PROCEDURES 19 METHOD OF DATA COLLECTION 20 PRESENT DATA REPRESENTATION 21 TIME PERIOD COVERED 22 DATES OF DATA COLLECTION 23 DATE CREATED BY INVESTIGATORS 24 SPATIAL UNIT 25 SPATIAL CODING SCHEME 26 DIGITAL CO-ORDINATE REFERENCE 27 SPATIAL UNIT TYPE 28 LANGUAGE(S) OF WRITTEN MATERIAL 29 CONTROL OPERATIONS Ð INVESTIGATORS 30 ACCESSIBILITY 31 REFERENCES TO RELATED DATASETS 32 CONSTITUENT DATASETS 33 VARIABLES/QUESTIONS 34 REFS/REPORTS Ð INVESTIGATORS 35 OTHER REFS/REPORTS BASED ON DATA 36 STATUS 37 DATE OF DEPOSIT/EDITIONS 38 ORIGINATING ARCHIVES 39 DOCUMENTATION Each of these headings has, in turn, a number of subheadings. The information retrieval system allows the user to select the items needed for the particular user or group of users for whom the listing is being prepared. For the Environmental Data Catalogue we chose the entire range of information, with the exception of documentation details, which can be lengthy. We then decided to generate listings from items 3-8 (names), and 11 for geographical areas and populations, which, sorted alphabetically and linked to study titles, would form indexes to the catalogue. Because the input to these sections is carefully controlled by authority lists, output is consistent enough to be used for indexes without further editing. Formatting the Catalogue for Printing We now had to decide how to present the information we had retrieved on datasets with environmental data. We decided to present the group descriptions Ð single descriptions covering a group of closely related datasets Ð first, followed, in ascending order of study numbers, by the individual study descriptions. This section took up 400 pages, a large enough chunk of information to require quite extensive indexing. We had made provision for this indexing in the course of retrieval, and were able to provide a geographical index which began with Aberdeen (The UK Aircraft Noise Index Study, 1982) and ended with Zurich (The Zurich Vicinity Time of Day Traffic Survey, 198); a keyword index beginning with ACCESS TO THE COUNTRYSIDE (seven datasets were listed under this) and ending with WIND POWER (one study); a names index (ABC News through to Zingale, N.); a population index which included Crime victims, Cyclists and Nuclear disarmament supporters; an index by study number, showing the keywords on which each had been retrieved, and finally, an alphabetical listing of study titles. The catalogue occupied more than 800 closely packed pages, and told our users everything there was to know on all data in the Archive with information on environmental matters. Disk 6, provided to the ISSC in the Report of the Working Group on Survey Research Data, has the files making up the ESRC Data ArchiveÕs Data Catalogue and Indexes on the Environment. The disk itself has two files: 1. DARCHIVE.EXE is a compressed version of the individual fields held in WordPerfect 4.2 format. To expand the files onto a hard disk, (a) insert the floppy in drive A;, (b) move into the subdirectory on the hard disk in which you wish to put the separated files, and (c) type A:DARCHIVE. This will extract 9 files. These are: INTRO.42 An introduction to the Catalogue (reproduced below); PLACES.42 Geographical, showing towns, regions (where applicable) and countries of study; KEYWORDS.42 Keywords, showing the keywords by which the studies were selected (reproduced below); KEYS.42 Index terms, taken from the ArchiveÕs thesaurus, which are assigned to individual questions; RESEARCHERS.42 Names, showing principal investigators, depositors, data collectors and sponsors; POPENV.42 Population, showing the entities which were studied; SNKEYWORD.42 Study numbers/keywords, listing selected studies and showing the precise keywords on which the studies were selected (NB Ð indicates factual data, otherwise, the data are attitudinal); TITLES.42 Titles, listing titles of studies in alphabetic order. CATALOG.42 The extended study descriptions organized by study number, beginning with the generic title numbers described in file INTRO.42 2. README.42 Further information on this and other matters is available from Professor Tanenbaum at the address below: ESRC Data Archive University of Essex Wivenhoe Park, Colchester, Essex CO4 3SQ Electronic Mail: ARCHIVE@2UK.AC.ESSEX Telephone: 0206 872001 FAX: 0206 872003 The Environmental Catalogue is one of a series of special subject catalogues available from the ESRC Data Archive. Part I of this catalogue provides full study descriptions of the studies in the ESRC Data Archive which have been indexed under by one or more keywords with an environmental connotation. These studies are not necessarily focused on the environment as a primary area of study. This section begins with group study descriptions (on tinted paper) and is followed by individual study numbers, some of which belong in the groups described earlier. References to numbers beginning with 33 ... point to group study descriptions. After the group descriptions, where all study descriptions are in ascending order after the Ò33Ó prefix, individual study descriptions are listed in simple ascending order. Part II consists of six indexes. These are: Geographical, showing towns, regions (where applicable) and countries of study; Keywords, showing the keywords by which the studies were selected (see following page); Names, showing principal investigators, depositors, data collectors and sponsors; Population, showing the entities which were studied; Study numbers/keywords, listing selected studies and showing the precise keywords on which the studies were selected (NB * indicates factual data, otherwise, the data are attitudinal); Titles, listing titles of studies in alphabetic order. KEYWORDS.42 (Extract) Adults 050 New Society Incomes Policy Survey 060 Future in Britain Survey 367 Attitudes to Holidays in Scotland and Wales 672 Protest, Dissatisfaction and Change 864 European Communities Study, 1973 967 Study of Recreational Cycling in the Countryside 992 Road Traffic and the Environment 1006 Noise Annoyance in Central London 1028 Survey on Attitudes to the Environment 1101 Community Relations Survey: Some of My Best Friends Are ... -18 Jan -19 Feb 1975 1106 Immigration Survey, Feb 1978 1291 Aircraft Noise Annoyance around London (Heathrow) Airport 1311 Public Attitudes to Landscape Quality 1329 Into the 80s: New Society Survey 1365 BBC TV General Election Day Survey, 1979 1389 Political Action: an Eight Nation Study, 1973-1976 1400 British National Railway Noise Survey, 1975 1402 Heathrow Concorde Noise Survey, 1976 1403 Building Research Station London Traffic Noise Survey, 1972 1410 Aircraft Noise and Prevalence of Psychiatric Disorders 1423 North Yorkshire Structure Plan Survey 1464 Buckinghamshire Child Survey 1487 Aircraft Noise and Sleep Disturbance 1527 Solent Study 1539 Second Survey of Aircraft Noise Annoyance around London (Heathrow) Airport 1762 Craigmillar Quality of Life Survey 1859 Survey of Public Attitudes toward Risks 1865 Living in Britain 1990 Consumers Concerns 2019 Community and Individual Response as a Function of Traffic Exposure, 1983-1984 2142 European Communities Studies, 1973-1984. Cumulative File 2218 Health and Lifestyle Survey, 1984-1985 2301 Holidays, August 1961 2304 Staying Visitors on the Isle of Man, June-September, 1965 2306 Holidays, November 1955 2310 Survey of Smoking Attitudes and Behavior, 1981 2391 Ideal Holidays, November 1987 TITLES.42 2558 A Random Survey of Public Attitudes to Museums, Archaeology and the Past, 1985 1667 ABC Exit Poll, 1980 33195 Access to the Countryside for Recreation and Sport, 1983-1985 Ð [2337], [2338], [2339] 679 Accommodation to Change: Panel Study to Examine Attitude Change towards the EEC Before and After the Referendum, June 1975 827 Adolescent Culture and the Mass Media 1291 Aircraft Noise Annoyance around London (Heathrow) Airport 1410 Aircraft Noise and Prevalence of Psychiatric Disorders 1487 Aircraft Noise and Sleep Disturbance 1356 Aircraft Noise around Toronto International and other Southern Ontario Airports. [a] Community Response [b] Aggregate Response Data and Noise Data for 76 Aircraft Sites [c] McMaster 1978/1979 Test 69017 Airport Community Study 33094 American National Election Studies, 1952-1982 [343], [344], [371], [867], [868], [1010], [1296], [1957] 33126 American National Election Study, 1980 [1562], [1563], [1576], [1679], [1860], [1861] 33115 American Public Opinion and United States Foreign Policy, 1975 Ð [1326], [1327] 33093 American Representation Study, 1958 [1011], [1012], [1013] 33111 American Voting Behavior: Presidential Elections 1952-1976 Ð [1293] 1659 Atlas of Agriculture in England and Wales, c.1840 2401 Atlas of Breeding Birds in Britain and Ireland, 1968- 1972 2402 Atlas of Wintering Birds in Britain and Ireland, 1982-1984 33131 Attitudes of Students at the London School of Economics, 1980-1986 Ð [1517], [1676] 367 Attitudes to Holidays in Scotland and Wales 173 Attitudes toward Devolution 2425 Australian Values Study Survey, 1983 1172 Backbench Attitudes in the House of Commons, 1959- 1976 2278 BBC Election Surveys, 10-11 June 1987 1365 BBC TV General Election Day Survey, 1979 1577 Belgian Citizen in the Political System 33208 Bird Sanctuaries in Scotland Ð [2481], [2512] 1395 Birmingham Household Survey (Race Relations) 767 Black Africa Handbook 084 Britain in the Seventies 33174 British Crime Survey [2077], [2706] 2655 British Election Campaign Study, 1987 33066 British Election Studies, 1974-1979 [666], [681], [1533], [1614] 2568 British Election Study, 1987 2591 British General Election Panel Study, 1983-1987 1400 British National Railway Noise Survey, 1975 33168 British Social Attitudes Survey [1935], [2035], [2096], [2197], [2315], [2567] 1464 Buckinghamshire Child Survey 1403 Building Research Station London Traffic Noise Survey, 1972 1735 Canadian 1974, 1979, 1980 Federal Elections and Quebec Referendum Panel Study 1631 Canadian Business and Public Policy Attitudes Survey, 1979-1980 1067 Canadian Federal Election Study, 1968 33080 Canadian National Election Study, 1972 [810], [811], [812] 1270 Capitalist Farmers in the Class Structure 33069 Carnegie Commission National Surveys of Higher Education, 1969-1970 Ð [691] 33187 CBS News/New York Times Election Day Surveys, 1982 [2261], [2262] 33119 CBS News/New York Times Election Surveys, 1976 [1433], [1434], [1435], [1440], [1441], [1442], [1444], [1445], [1446], [1447], [1448], [1449], 1450], [1451], [1453], [1454], [1455], [1456] 33140 CBS News/New York Times Election Surveys, 1980 [1878], [1879] 2235 Census of Woodlands and Trees, 1979-1982 1836 CND National Membership Survey, 1982 2472 Coastal Habitat Survey: East Coast of Scotland and Clyde Estuary, 1977 1101 Community Relations Survey: Some of My Best Friends Are ... 18 Jan-19 Feb 1975 1355 Community Response to Road Traffic Noise in the Toronto-Hamilton Corridor 2019 Community and Individual Response as a Function of Traffic Exposure, 1983-1984 33078 Comparative Socio-Economic, Public Policy and Political Data, 1900-1960 [793], [794], [795], [796], [797], [798] 2317 Comparative State Elections Project, 1968, etc. MORI ARCHIVES Contribution from Professor ROBERT M. WORCESTER ÒLevel Two Inventory of Questions relating to the Environment undertaken for the WWF and others,Ó March 1991. (Disk 7) ENVINDEX Envindex is a custom-designed database of all environment- related questions asked on MORI Social Institute questionnaire in the recent past and the reports associated with the surveys. Accessing a question reveals what reports it pertains to and vice versa. It is written in ÒclipperÓ and accessible via any of the well-known database or word processing packages and has been developed as a possible model of how such a database might be set up. In all only some score plus studies and just over 100 questions are included for illustrative purposes, top-line data included, making this small database a Level Two inventory. To run ÔEnvindexÕ the following files must be present in your directory Ñ Envindex.exe Ð The main run file Envreps.dbf Ð Database of Reports/Surveys Envreps.ntx Ð Index for Envreps.dbf Envquest.dbf Ð Database of Questions Envquest.dbt Ð Memo file of Showcards for Envquest To start the program type ÔEnvindexÕ at the DOS command prompt and hit . You will be presented with a menu of six choices. Use the arrow keys to highlight the choice you require and hit . The function of each menu choice and a guide to its use is explained below: 1 Ð Listing of Questions by word search. Type in all or part of the word you wish to search for in the questions Ð e.g., Timber Ð and hit . The system will list the first question in which the word appears together with itÕs showcard or topline results. Use the arrow keys to view this screen and press to exit and list the surveys of which this question was a part. Only two reports can be listed on the screen at once, therefore if the question appears on more than two reports you will be prompted, at the bottom-left-hand of the screen, to press a key to view the rest of the reports. Pressing returns you to the menu. As each new question is listed the computer will emit a tone. 2 Ð List a Question by Question Number. Type in the number of the question you wish to examine and hit . The system will list the question and its showcard or topline results. As above, use the arrow keys to scroll through the showcard or topline results and press to exit and list the surveys the question appeared on. Only two reports can be listed on the screen at once, therefore if the question appears on more than two reports you will be prompted, at the bottom-left-hand of the screen, to press a key to view the rest of the reports. Pressing returns you to the menu. As each new question is listed the computer will emit a tone. Question Numbers are displayed on the screen every time the text of a question is displayed. 3 Ð List a Report by Report Number. Type in the number of the report you wish to view and hit . The system will list the report name together with all the relevant questions that appeared on this survey. Only three questions can be listed on the screen at any one time, therefore, if more than three relevant questions appeared on the survey you will be prompted to press a key to view the next three questions. As each new report is listed the computer will emit a tone. Pressing returns you to the main menu. 4 Ð Listing of Reports by Client. Type in all or part of the name of a client you wish to search for and hit . The system will list the first survey for which this organization was a client and the relevant questions asked on that survey. Because of space limitations showcards/topline results are not displayed. Only three questions can be listed on the screen at any one time, therefore, if more than three relevant questions appeared on the survey who will be prompted to press a key to view the next three questions. As a new report is listed the computer will beep. Pressing returns you to the main menu. 5 Ð Listing of Reports/Surveys by Year. This choice works in a similar way to choice 2. However simply typing in Ô8Õ will list all surveys from the 1980Õs etc. 6 Ð Listing of Reports/Surveys by Title. This choice works in a similar way to choices 2, 3 & 4. The keyword typed in is searched for in Report/Survey Titles. 7 Ð Browse Questions. This choice offers another method of picking a question to view. Use the Up and Down arrow keys to scroll through the questions. Press to view a question as in choices 1 & 2 above. Press to return to the main menu. 8 Ð Browse Report. This choice offers another method of picking a report to view. Use the Up and Down arrow keys to highlight a report. Press to view this report as in choices 3 - 6 above. Press to return to the main menu. 9 Ð Printing. This choice reveals a screen in which you can fill in the criteria by which you want to filter the output. The first field, ÔSort by Question or ReportÕ, determines whether the report is ordered primarily by Question or Report. Answering yes to ÔPrint to Text File?Õ sends the output to a file of your choice Ð filled in below. Otherwise the output is sent to LPT1. Please Note Ð If the filename you specify is already in use, the file will be Overwritten. The other choices work as explained above and are used in combination to pin down exactly the information required i.e., all questions about forests which appeared on attitudinal surveys carried out for the WWF in 1987. If there is a problem with your printer the system will display a message, abort printing and return to the main menu. 10 Ð Exit Highlight this choice and press to exit the application and return to DOS. Examples of the format of the data are indicated below. REPORT 7 Report : Tropical Rain Forests and the Environment Ð Agency : MORI Ð Client : WWF (UK) Date : Mar 90 Fieldwork : 15-20 Mar 1990 Ð Interview : 1938 Sample Points : 146 Ð Age Group : QUESTION 1 WHICH, IF ANY, OF THESE ENVIRONMENTAL PROBLEMS WOULD YOU SAY YOU ARE MOST CONCERNED ABOUT ? YOU MAY CHOOSE AS MANY OR AS FEW AS YOU LIKE. SHOWCARD R7 Mar 90 % a. Air pollution caused by exhaust fumes from road vehicles. 49 b. Air pollution caused by power stations and industrial plant. 44 c. Damage to forests, lakes and buildings caused by acid rain. 43 d. Destruction of tropical rainforests. 48 e. Extinction of certain animal species. 32 f. Extinction of certain plant species. 23 g. Heating up of the earthÕs atmosphere, known as the Ògreenhouse effectÓ and resulting damage to the ozone layer. 54 h. Litter in the streets and other public places. 43 i. The loss of countryside and open spaces through building development. 44 j. Misuse of energy. 19 k. Noise pollution. 14 l. Pollution of drinking water. 43 m. Pot holes and obstacles on the roads. 21 n. Radiation from nuclear power stations. 42 o. Radiation from the storage of nuclear waste. 44 p. River and sea pollution. 55 q. Traffic congestion on roads. 37 r. Uneven or inadequate pavements. Other 2 None of these 1 DonÕt know 1 QUESTION 3 CAN YOU NAME ANY PRODUCTS WHICH ONE GETS FROM TROPICAL RAINFORESTS? IF ÒYESÓ WHAT ARE THEY ? TOPLINE RESULTS R7 Mar 90 % Cocoa 3 Coffee 4 Chewing gum 1 Drugs/chemicals 12 Houseplants 1 Rubber 11 Spices 1 Other foods (not spices) 7 Wood/timber 52 Other 15 No, canÕt think of any 32 QUESTION 5 WHICH, IF ANY, OF THE FOLLOWING PRODUCTS DO YOU TRY TO AVOID BUYING, OR BUY LESS OF FOR HEALTH, ENVIRONMENTAL, MORAL OR OTHER REASONS? SHOWCARD R7 Mar 90 % a. Aerosols. 50 b. Chicken. 7 c. Cleaners and detergents (washing powders, washing-up liquid, etc.) which contain chemicals harmful to the environment. 27 d. Fur coats. 53 e. Food with E numbers or other additives. 32 f. Fresh food that has been treated with pesticides. 26 g. Eggs. 11 h. Tropical hard woods (teak, mahogany, etc.) which comes from countries not protecting their forests. 15 i. Leaded petrol. 26 j. Over-packaged shop goods. 22 k. Personal care products (toiletries, shampoos, etc.) which contain chemicals harmful to the environment.34 l. Red meat (beef, port, lamb). 18 m. Salty foods. 23 n. South African produce. 18 o. Sugary foods. 32 REPORT 8 Report : Antarctica Ð A Survey of Public Attitudes Ð 1990 Agency : MORI Ð Client : WWF (UK) Date : Apr 90 Fieldwork : 19-24 Apr 1990 Ð Interviews : 2057 Sample Points : 148 Ð Age Group : 15+ QUESTION 29 SOME PEOPLE SAY THAT MINING FOR POSSIBLE OIL AND MINERALS SHOULD TAKE PLACE ON ANTARCTICA, WHILE OTHERS SAY MINING SHOULD NOT BE ALLOWED AND THE NATURAL ENVIRONMENT OF ANTARCTICA SHOULD REMAIN UNTOUCHED. WHICH, IF ANY, OF THESE STATEMENTS MOST REPRESENTS YOUR VIEW? SHOWCARD R8 Apr 90 % a. Mining for possible oil and minerals should be freely allowed on Antarctica, and the area should be made into a World Mining Centre. 6 b. Mining for possible oil and minerals should be allowed on part of Antarctica, leaving some of the natural environment untouched. 29 c. Mining should not be allowed on Antarctica under any circumstances, and the area should be declared a World Park to protect the natural environment. 57 Other * DonÕt know 7 QUESTION 30 WHICH, IF ANY, OF THE FOLLOWING GROUPS SHOULD BE RESPONSIBLE FOR PROTECTING THE NATURAL ENVIRONMENT OF ANTARCTICA? SHOWCARD R8 Apr 90 % a. The Governments of every country in the World. 68 b. The Governments of neighboring countries to Antarctica (North America, South America and Australia) but not other Governments. 11 c. Industry. 9 d. Environmental organizations and environmental charities. 18 e. Individuals, through private contributions. 3 Other 1 DonÕt know REPORT 10 Report : Attitudes to Biological Diversity Ð WWF International Ð 1988 Agency : MORI Ð Client : WWF IntÕl Date : Oct 88 Fieldwork : 21-26 Sept 1988 Ð Interviews : 1015 Sample Points : 144 Ð Age Group : 15+ QUESTION 37 WHAT DO YOU UNDERSTAND THE PHRASE ÒBIOLOGICAL DIVERSITYÓ TO MEANÓ WHAT WOULD YOU THINK THE WORDS ÒBIOLOGICAL DIVERSITYÓ MIGHT MEAN? WHAT ELSE? TOPLINE RESULTS R10 R10 R10 R10 R10 R10 Sep/ Sep/ Sep/ Sep/ Sep/ Sep/ Oct Oct Oct Oct Oct Oct 88 88 88 88 88 88 GB USA WG Ita Ausl Swe % % % % % % Related to Biology/biology of the earth/nature 6 4 44 5 9 30 Medical research/experiments/on animals 3 2 6 2 2 1 Wide range of species/variety/ differences between species/ plants and animals 7 7 39 6 13 25 Genetics/changes in genetic structure 1 5 5 1 2 6 Related to body chemistry/changes in human chemistry 1 2 7 2 2 2 To do with humans/the body/physical well being/health/disease/exercising/physical abilities 6 3 12 0 5 3 Human nature/differences in human nature 1 5 14 3 3 5 Interfering with nature/abnormality/ deformities/diversifying from normal 1 1 7 0 1 1 Related to the environment/save the earth/stop pollution/ozone layer 2 3 21 6 3 8 Different races/varieties of people 2 6 9 0 1 1 Natural diversity/changing things/ natural progression into different fields 4 2 13 0 3 3 Related to homosexuality 1 1 0 0 * 0 To do with soap powders 2 0 1 1 1 0 Other 2 9 4 4 9 4 DonÕt know/ nothing 63 58 18 41 55 35